Table 5.
Association between physical limitations (physical functioning score <75) and crucial period, Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study, 1993–1998 (n = 79,147).
| Risk Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Critical Periods | ||||
| Model | Before Children | With Young Children | With Older Children | After Children |
| 1: Crude 1 | 0.89 (0.86–0.91) * | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) * | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) * |
| 2: Crude + confounders 2 | 0.88 (0.86–0.91) * | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) * |
| 3: Model 2 + education | 0.92 (0.89–0.94) * | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) * |
| 4: Model 3 + income | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) * | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.87 (0.84–0.90) * |
| 5: Model 4 + mediators 3 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
| Working at baseline 4 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) * | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) * | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) |
* Statistically significant at α = 0.05. 1 Controlling for work during critical time periods; 2 Age, birth region, race/ethnicity, marital status, and exercise at age 18; 3 Body mass index category, retirement status, presence of comorbidities, corticosteroid use, social support, social strain, presence of depressive symptoms, energy expenditure per week, smoking status, alcohol intake, number of children; 4 Model 3 limited to actively working at baseline (n = 32,242).