ACC	acetyl CoA carboxylase
AdipoR	adiponectin receptor
AGEs	advanced glycation endproducts
AS160	Akt substrate-160 kDa
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ApoB100	apolipoprotein B100
ATG7	autophagy-related gene 7
Bax	Bcl-2-associated X protein
ChREBP	carbohydrate response element binding protein
Cideb	cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector b
CVD	cardiovascular disease
CPT1	carnitine-palmitoyl-CoA transferase-1
CXCL8	chemokine interleukin 8
CKD	chronic kidney diseases
COX-2	cyclooxygenase-2
DNL	de novo lipogenesis
DR5	death receptor 5
DAG	diacylglycerol
DHAP	dihydroxyacetone phosphate
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
FGF-21	fibroblast growth factor-21
FKN	fractalkine
FFA	free fatty acid
FFAR1	free fatty acid receptor 1
KHK	fructokinase
FATPs	FA transport proteins
FoxO1	Forkhead box protein O1
RAGE	glycation end products
GS	glycogen synthase
G6P	glucose-6-phosphatase
GLUT5	glucose transporter 5
HK	hexokinase
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
HFCS	high-fructose corn syrup
HUVECs	human umbilical endothelial cells
NPY	hunger peptide neuropeptide Y
HIF-1	hypoxia-inducible factor-1
iNOS	inducible NOS
IR	insulin receptor
CAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IL	interleukin
IIRAK4/1	IL-1R-associated kinase 4/1
IKK-β	IκB kinase-β
JNK	c-jun N-terminal kinase
LEPR	leptin receptor
LCN-2	lipocalin-2
LBP	lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
LDL	low-density lipoprotein
LDLR	LDL receptor
LAMP2	lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2
MDA	malondialdehyde
MetS	metabolic syndrome
MG	methylglyoxal
MAP1LC3β	microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta
MCP-1	monocyte chemotactic protein-1
NOX4	NADPH oxidase 4
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor superfamily, pyrin domain containing 3
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
OAT1	organic anion transporter 1
PYY	peptide YY3-36
PPAR-δ	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PFK	phosphofructokinase
PAI-1	plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
PEPCK	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PUFA	polyunsaturated fatty acid
PCSK9	proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
PGE2	prostaglandin E2
PKB/Akt	protein kinase B
PKC	protein kinase C
PP1c	protein phosphatase 1c
PTP-1B	protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B
POMC	satiety peptide pro-opiomelanocortin
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RST	renal specific transporter
RAAS	renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
CD36	scavenger receptor 36
SR-BI	scavenger receptor class B type I
LKB1	serine-threonine protein kinase 1
SGBS	Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
α-SMA	α-smooth muscle actin
SphK1	sphingosine kinase SphK1
S1P	sphingosine 1-phosphate
SCD-1	stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1
SREBP-1c	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
TR	taste receptor
TXNIP	thioredoxin-interacting protein
TF	tissue factor
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor-β1
TRIB3	tribbles homolog 3
TCA	tricarboxylic acid cycle
TG	triglyceride
TLR4	toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
T2DM	type 2 diabetes
UAT	urate transporter
UA	uric acid
VLDL	very low-density lipoprotein
WAT	white adipose tissue
XO	xanthine oxidase