Table 1.
Characteristics of study population.
| Total Population | NGM | Prediabetes | ND T2DM | PD T2DM | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2818 | n = 1757 | n = 456 | n = 120 | n = 485 | ||
| Sex (%male) | 1395 (49.5) | 743 (42.3) | 243 (53.3) | 75 (62.5) | 334 (68.9) | <0.01 |
| Age | 59.7 ± 8.16 | 58.0 ± 8.08 | 61.7 ± 7.48 | 63.3 ± 7.49 | 62.9 ± 7.56 | <0.01 |
| BMI category (kg/m2) | - | - | - | - | - | <0.01 |
| <25 | 1048 (37.2) | 844 (48.1) | 113 (24.8) | 20 (16.7) | 71 (14.6) | - |
| 25–30 | 1225 (43.5) | 719 (40.9) | 224 (49.1) | 60 (50.0) | 222 (45.8) | - |
| ≥30 | 544 (19.3) | 193 (11.0) | 119 (26.1) | 40 (33.3) | 192 (39.6) | - |
| WHR cat (%normal) | 576 (20.4) | 466 (26.5) | 68 (14.9) | 14 (16.7) | 28 (5.8) | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 ± 17.8 | 131 ± 17.3 | 137 ± 16.7 | 143 ± 18.8 | 141 ± 16.8 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.3 ± 9.88 | 75.3 ± 9.94 | 77.9 ± 9.63 | 79.2 ± 10.2 | 77.8 ± 9.31 | <0.01 |
| CVD (%yes) | 414 (15.1) | 209 (12.2) | 62 (13.9) | 28 (23.5) | 115 (24.9) | <0.01 |
| Total PA (hours/week) | 14.3 ± 8.07 | 14.9 ± 8.14 | 14.2 ± 7.78 | 13.2 ± 7.49 | 12.3 ± 7.92 | <0.01 |
| MVPA (hours/week) | 5.64 ± 4.32 | 6.13 ± 4.40 | 5.17 ± 4.06 | 5.04 ± 4.08 | 4.33 ± 3.98 | <0.01 |
| Total energy intake (kcal) | 2192 ± 607 | 2198 ± 608 | 2216 ± 586 | 2129 ± 599 | 2161 ± 627 | 0.33 |
| Glucose (g/day) | 17.3 ± 9.15 | 17.9 ± 9.54 | 16.4 ± 8.03 | 16.0 ± 7.49 | 16.2 ± 8.84 | <0.01 |
| Fructose (g/day) | 19.0 ± 10.1 | 19.6 ± 10.4 | 18.2 ± 9.18 | 17.6 ± 8.35 | 18.1 ± 10.0 | <0.01 |
| Sucrose (g/day) | 43.1 ± 24.5 | 44.3 ± 25.0 | 42.9 ± 23.6 | 42.5 ± 26.8 | 39.3 ± 22.4 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.73 ± 0.63 | 5.45 ± 0.34 | 5.71 ± 0.40 | 6.15 ± 0.62 | 6.68 ± 0.61 | <0.01 |
| HDL:LDL ratio | 0.54 ± 0.26 | 0.54 ± 0.27 | 0.51 ± 0.23 | 0.48 ± 0.20 | 0.60 ± 0.29 | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.82 | 1.22 ± 0.66 | 1.61 ± 1.06 | 1.89 ± 1.07 | 1.68 ± 0.85 | <0.01 |
| Glucose sensitivity (pmol/min/m2/mM) | 27.6 ± 18.5 | 33.3 ± 19.3 | 26.1 ± 12.3 | 17.8 ± 10.9 | 11.5 ± 7.97 | <0.01 |
| Rate sensitivity (pmol/m2/mM) | 250 ± 328 | 307 ± 376 | 237 ± 223 | 180 ± 239 | 81.1 ± 107 | <0.01 |
| Potentiation factor | 1.63 ± 0.68 | 1.80 ± 0.73 | 1.55 ± 0.55 | 1.38 ± 0.43 | 1.16 ± 0.34 | <0.01 |
| CPAUC:GAUC ratio | 214 ± 87.8 | 238 ± 81.8 | 215 ± 81.0 | 181 ± 81.5 | 136 ± 63.0 | <0.01 |
| ∆CP30:G30 ratio | 469 ± 1141 | 615 ± 1385 | 322 ± 683 | 303 ± 422 | 142 ± 113 | <0.01 |
| Matsuda index | 4.04 ± 2.61 | 4.93 ± 2.65 | 2.92 ± 1.87 | 2.25 ± 1.35 | 2.52 ± 1.82 | <0.01 |
n, number; BMI, body mass index; NGM, normal glucose metabolism; ND T2DM, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus; PD T2DM, previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PA, physical activity, MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; HbA1C, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.