Table 2.
Associations of mono- and disaccharide intake with continuous insulin sensitivity and β-cell function (BCF) measures (standardized betas and 95% confidence intervals).
| Continuous | Quintiles Mono- and Disaccharides | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (ref) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | Ptrend | ||||
| β | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |||||
| B-cell glucose sensitivity | |||||||||
| Glucose | <10.19 g | 10.19–13.91 g | 13.91–17.58 g | 17.58–22.79 g | ≥22.79 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.05) | 0 | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.08) | 0.05 (0, 0.09) | 0.05 (0, 0.10) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.1 | ||
| 2 | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0 | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.13) | 0.26 | ||
| Fructose | <10.86 g | 10.86–15.27 g | 15.27–19.67 g | 19.67–25.51 g | ≥25.51 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.44 | ||
| 2 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.09) | 1 | ||
| Sucrose | <23.36 g | 23.36–33.25 g | 33.25–43.61 g | 43.61–58.74 g | ≥58.74 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.04 (0.01, 0.08) | 0 | 0.06 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.12) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.05 | ||
| 2 | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | 0 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.10) | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.13) | 0.12 | ||
| B-cell potentiation factor | |||||||||
| Glucose | <10.19 g | 10.19–13.91 g | 13.91–17.58 g | 17.58–22.79 g | ≥22.79 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | 0.76 | ||
| 2 | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.09) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0 (−0.07, 0.08) | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.11) | 0.64 | ||
| Fructose | <10.86 g | 10.86–15.27 g | 15.27–19.67 g | 19.67–25.51 g | ≥25.51 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0 | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.03) | 0.62 | ||
| 2 | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0 (−0.07, 0.07) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.03 (−0.05, 0.11) | 0.7 | ||
| Sucrose | <23.36 g | 23.36–33.25 g | 33.25–43.61 g | 43.61–58.74 g | ≥58.74 g | - | |||
| 1 | −0.03 (−0.06, 0.01) | 0 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.36 | ||
| 2 | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) | 0 | 0 (−0.07, 0.07) | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.06) | 1 | ||
| C-peptidogenic index | |||||||||
| Glucose | <10.19 g | 10.19–13.91 g | 13.91–17.58 g | 17.58–22.79 g | ≥22.79 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.63 | ||
| 2 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | 0 | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | 0.05 (−0.03, 0.12) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.07, 0.11) | 0.8 | ||
| Fructose | <10.86 g | 10.86–15.27 g | 15.27–19.67 g | 19.67–25.51 g | ≥25.51 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0 (−0.05, 0.05) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.9 | ||
| 2 | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.08) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.10) | 0.89 | |||
| Sucrose | <23.36 g | 23.36–33.25 g | 33.25–43.61 g | 43.61–58.74 g | ≥58.74 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.02 (−0.02, 0.06) | 0 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.06, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.38 | ||
| 2 | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | 0 | 0 (−0.07, 0.08) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.10, 0.09) | 0.93 | ||
| Overall insulin secretion | |||||||||
| Glucose | <10.19 g | 10.19–13.91 g | 13.91–17.58 g | 17.58–22.79 g | ≥22.79 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.05) | 0 | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.13) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.08) | 0.19 | ||
| 2 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | 0 | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.05) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.10) | 0.01 (−0.07, 0.08) | 0.97 | ||
| Fructose | <10.86 g | 10.86–15.27 g | 15.27–19.67 g | 19.67–25.51 g | ≥25.51 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0 (−0.04, 0.04) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.78 | ||
| 2 | −0.05 (−0.11, 0.01) | 0 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.05) | 0.47 | ||
| Sucrose | <23.36 g | 23.36–33.25 g | 33.25–43.61 g | 43.61–58.74 g | ≥58.74 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09) | 0 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.08 (0.03, 0.12) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.06 | ||
| 2 | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.11) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.83 | ||
| Insulin sensitivity | |||||||||
| Glucose | <10.19 g | 10.19–13.91 g | 13.91–17.58 g | 17.58–22.79 g | ≥22.79 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.10 (0.07, 0.14) | 0 | 0 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.11) | 0.05 (0, 0.10) | 0.10 (0.05, 0.14) | <0.01 | ||
| 2 | 0.10 (0.05, 0.16) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) | 0.07 (0, 0.14) | 0.03 | ||
| Fructose | <10.86 g | 10.86–15.27 g | 15.27–19.67 g | 19.67–25.51 g | ≥25.51 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.09 (0.06, 0.13) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.08) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.08 (0.04, 0.13) | <0.01 | ||
| 2 | 0.08 (0.03, 0.14) | 0 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.08) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.05) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.13) | 0.12 | ||
| Sucrose | <23.36 g | 23.36–33.25 g | 33.25–43.61 g | 43.61–58.74 g | ≥58.74 g | - | |||
| 1 | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.04) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0 (−0.05, 0.05) | 0.97 | ||
| 2 | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.07) | 0 | 0 (−0.05, 0.06) | 0.03 (−0.03, 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.10) | 0.32 | ||
CI, confidence interval. Positive values indicate a better β-cell function (BCF) or insulin sensitivity, negative values indicate a lower BCF or insulin sensitivity. M1: sex, age, insulin sensitivity. M2: M1 + waist-to-hip ratio, cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure expressed in mean arterial pressure, lipid-modifying medication, antihypertensive medication, family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, total intake of energy, and dietary fibre and alcohol intake.