Figure 5.

Possible mechanisms of action of BRB in esophageal cancer prevention. Upper figure, BRB modulates oxidative stress/antioxidant pathway; lower figure, BRB inhibits MAPK and NFκB activation. Arrows indicate activation and T-lines indicate inhibition. L-Arg: L-arginine; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; ONOO: Peroxynitrite; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form; GSH: hydroperoxides using glutathione; GR: glutathione reductase; ROS/RNS: reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species; P: phosphorylation; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MKK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; Erk: extracellular-signal-regulated kinases; COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2; PGE₂: prostaglandin E2.