Table 2. Individual and relative associations between parenting practices and adolescent fruit and vegetable intake among adolescent participants of Project EAT 2010^a.

	Fruit and Vegetable Intakeb
	Individual Modelsc			Mutually Adjusted Modeld
Parenting Practicese	Unstandardized regression coefficient (standard error)	p-value	Adjusted mean (standard error)	Unstandardized regression coefficient (standard error)	p-value	Adjusted mean (standard error)
Family Meals
Infrequently (< 3 times/ week)	Ref		3.5 (0.1)	Ref		3.6 (0.1)
Occasional (3-4 times / week)	0.18 (0.12)	0.13	3.6 (0.1)	0.12 (0.12)	0.30	3.7 (0.1)
Frequent (≥5 times / week)	0.56 (0.10)	<0.001	4.0 (0.1)	0.36 (0.10)	0.001	3.9 (0.1)
Parent Communication
Low	Ref		3.6 (0.1)	Ref		3.7 (0.1)
High	0.28 (0.09)	0.002	3.9 (0.1)	-0.01 (0.09)	0.95	3.7 (0.1)
Home Availability of Fruits & Vegetables
Never/Rarely	Ref		3.0 (0.1)	Ref		3.5 (0.1)
Usually/Always	0.82 (0.12)	<0.001	3.9 (0.1)	0.29 (0.14)	0.04	3.8 (0.1)
Home Accessibility of Fruits & Vegetables
Never/Rarely	Ref		3.1 (0.1)	Ref		3.4 (0.1)
Usually/Always	0.79 (0.11)	<0.001	3.9 (0.1)	0.47 (0.12)	<0.001	3.8 (0.1)
Parents Model Fruit & Vegetable Intake
Never/Sometimes	Ref		3.3 (0.1)	Ref		3.5 (0.1)
On a Regular Basis	0.76 (0.09)	<0.001	4.0 (0.1)	0.45 (0.10)	<0.001	3.9 (0.1)
Parent Encouragement for Healthy Eating
Never/Somewhat	Ref		3.3 (0.1)	Ref		3.5 (0.1)
Very Much	0.75 (0.09)	<0.001	4.1 (0.1)	0.46 (0.10)	<0.001	4.0 (0.1)

^aProject EAT (Eating and Activity in Teens) participants were adolescents recruited from Minneapolis/St.Paul middle and high schools during 2009/2010.

^bCoefficient represents the change in daily servings of fruits and vegetables with a one unit change in the independent variable adjusted for covariates (e.g., adolescents who have high parent communication consume 0.27 more servings of fruits and vegetables than adolescents who have low parent communication controlling for covariates).

^cIndividual models control for age, gender, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity and energy intake

^dMutually adjusted model additionally controls for each independent variable

^eFamily meals based on 1-item assessing past week frequency of eating meals together with all or most of your family living in your house (never, 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7, or 7+ days/week); Parent communication scale (score range=1-5) of 2-items assessing mother/father caring and comfort talking to parents about problems (1=not a lot, 2=a little, 3=somewhat, 4=quite a bit, 5=very much; High= a score of 4 or 5; Low is a score of 1-3); Home Availability based on 1-item assessing how frequently fruits and vegetables were available at home (1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=usually, 4=always); Home Accessibility based on 2-items assessing how frequently fruit was on counter, table or somewhere they could easily get it, and how often there were cut-up vegetables in the fridge (1=never, 2=sometimes, 3=usually, 4=always); Parent modeling based on 4-items assessing if mother/father eats a lot of fruit and eats vegetables with dinner (1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=on a regular basis), and scores were based on having a least one parent model fruit or vegetable intake on a regular basis; Parent encouragement based on 2-items assessing if mother/father encourages them to eat health foods (1=not at all, 2=a little, 3=somewhat, 4=very much), and scores were based on having at least one parent very much encouraging healthy eating.