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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017 Jan 5;117(5):778–785.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.010

Table 2.

Association between dietary energy density (DED) and incident type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women participating in the Women’s Health Initiative

DED
quintile
n cases of diabetes (%) Ratea Crude
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Adjustedb
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Adjustedc
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
1 2571 (8.98) 7.0 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 3004 (10.5) 8.1 1.15 (1.09–1.21) 1.14 (1.07–1.20) 1.08 (1.02–1.15)
3 3203 (11.2) 8.7 1.23 (1.16–1.29) 1.22 (1.16–1.29) 1.13 (1.07–1.20)
4 3461 (12.1) 9.5 1.35 (1.28–1.42) 1.30 (1.23–1.37) 1.15 (1.08–1.22)
5 4044 (14.1) 11.5 1.64 (1.56–1.73) 1.49 (1.41–1.57) 1.24 (1.17–1.32)
Ptrend < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
a

Crude rate per 1000 woman-years

b

Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, other/unknown), and neighborhood socioeconomic status

c

Further adjusted for smoking pack-years (never smoker, < 5 pack-years, 5 to < 20 pack-years, ≥ 20 pack-years), where 1 pack-year = 1 pack per day for one year, physical activity, hormone therapy use, family history of diabetes, alcohol use, hypertension, and observational study or clinical trial arm(s)