. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017 Jan 5;117(5):778–785.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.11.010

Table 3.

Association between dietary energy density (DED) and incident type 2 diabetes in postmenopausal women participating in the Women’s Health Initiative, stratified by waist circumference

DED quintile	≤ 88 cm waist circumference			> 88 cm waist circumference
DED quintile	n cases of diabetes (%)	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^a	P	n cases (%)	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)^a	P
1	1131 (6.56)	1.00		948 (15.8)	1.00
2	1090 (6.85)	1.02 (0.94–1.11)	0.676	1307 (17.8)	1.09 (1.01–1.19)	0.037
3	1053 (7.21)	1.05 (0.96–1.15)	0.257	1567 (18.4)	1.09 (1.01–1.19)	0.034
4	954 (7.17)	1.03 (0.94–1.12)	0.593	1794 (18.7)	1.09 (1.00–1.18)	0.045
5	878 (7.76)	1.08 (0.98–1.19)	0.113	2318 (20.1)	1.12 (1.03–1.22)	0.006
P_trend			0.148			0.029

Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, other/unknown), neighborhood socioeconomic status, smoking pack-years (never smoker, < 5 pack-years, 5 to < 20 pack-years, ≥ 20 pack-years), where 1 pack-year = 1 pack per day, for one year, physical activity, hormone therapy use, family history of diabetes, alcohol use, hypertension, and observational study or clinical trial arm(s)