Table 1. Habitat and landscape attributes (Mean ± SD, Min–Max) at five glacial valleys in Huascaran National Park, Peru, 2014–2015.

Number of survey points are indicated below valley names. Numbers of trees measured are indicated below tree height and dbh. Statistical differences are in bold p < 0.05.

	Total n = 130	Llanganuco n = 30	Llaca n = 20	Ulta n = 30	Rajucolta n = 20	Parón n = 30	Between- localities differences
Elevation (m)	4080 ± 327.8 3302–4678	3999 ± 322.6 3468–4513	4274 ± 225.1 4007–4610	4030 ± 331.9 3515–4495	4249 ± 240.4 3965–4678	3971 ± 67 3302–4591	X2: 14.96,p < 0.005
DBH (cm)	29.7 ± 33.84 10–253 n = 274	28.9 ± 26.87 10–158 n = 69	28.5 ± 22.52 10–117 n = 49	23.4 ± 34.86 10–253 n = 53	41.2 ± 33.91 10–132 n = 33	30.9 ± 43.82 10–219 n = 70	X2: 6.12, p = 0.191
Tree height (m)	6.4 ± 2.96 1.5–20 n = 274	6.2 ± 2.58 1.5–14 n = 69	5.2 ± 2.84 1.8–11 n = 49	8.6 ± 3.97 1.6–20 n = 53	7.0 ± 2.30 3–16 n = 33	5.3 ± 1.72 2–10 n = 70	X2: 1.44, p = 0.838
Ground cover height (cm)	0.8 ± 0.34 0.0–1.68	1.0 ± 0.35 0.4–1.68	0.8 ± 0.22 0.5–1.25	0.8 ± 0.42 0.0–1.63	0.7 ± 0.19 0.2–1.03	0.9 ± 0.27 0.6–1.38	X2: 21.17,p= 0.001
Canopy depth (m)	1.4 ± 1.42 0.00–11	1.5 ± 1.12 0.00–4.33	1.3 ± 0.79 0.00–2.63	1.8 ± 2.39 0.00–11	1.00 ± 1.04 0.00–3.5	1.3 ± 0.77 0.00–2.75	X2: 2.57, p = 6.33
Tree density (Ind/100 m2)	3.2 ± 3.82 0.00–17.19	4.5 ± 4.96 0.00–17.19	4.0 ± 6.13 0.00–14.01	2.8 ± 3.83 0.00–10.50	2.6 ± 3.57 0.00–5.41	2.4 ± 2.22 0.00–11.78	X2: 4.70, p = 0.320
Bushes density (Ind/100 m2)	14.5 ± 12.08 0.00–111.41	24.1 ± 13.18 0.00–111.41	10.2 ± 6.03 2.55–23.87	17.5 ± 14.69 0.32–33.1	9.6 ± 7.63 0.64–46.15	10.5 ± 7.21 2.55–27.37	X2: 8.59, p = 0.072
Moss cover percent	0.3 ± 0.25 0.00–0.94	0.3 ± 0.290.00–0.94	0.6 ± 0.250.11–0.89	0.2 ± 0.21 0.01–0.75	0.2 ± 0.18 0.01–0.79	0.2 ± 0.15 0.00–0.74	X2: 24.48,p= 0.001
Puna grass cover percent	0.3 ± 0.32 0.0–0.95	0.4 ± 0.32 0.0–0.95	0.2 ± 0.33 0.0–0.91	0.4 ± 0.31 0.0–0.95	0.3 ± 0.37 0.0–0.94	0.1 ± 0.140.0–0.73	X2: 29.88,p= 0.001
Rock cover percent	0.4 ± 0.26 0.00–0.95	0.3 ± 0.21 0.00–0.94	0.7 ± 0.22 0.29–0.94	0.3 ± 0.22 0.02–0.70	0.3 ± 0.37 0.02–0.95	0.3 ± 0.18 0.03–0.78	X2: 38.75,p= 0.001
Bare ground cover percent	0.4 ± 0.26 0.00–0.95	0.1 ± 0.18 0.00–0.75	0.0 ± 0.02 0.00–0.06	0.1 ± 0.10 0.00–0.50	0.1 ± 0.06 0.00–0.23	0.1 ± 0.10 0.00–0.36	X2: 9.95, p = 0.041
Canopy cover percent	0.5 ± 0.38 0.00–1.00	0.5 ± 0.40 0.00–1.00	0.6 ± 0.39 0.00–1.00	0.5 ± 0.44 0.00–1.00	0.4 ± 0.34 0.00–1.00	0.5 ± 0.41 0.00–1.00	X2: 1.12, p = 0.892
Slope	23.2 ± 9.89 5–48	18.7 ± 9.17 6–36	25.2 ± 10.80 9–48	23.8 ± 11.00 5–46	24.6 ± 8.30 6–35	25.0 ± 8.9 7–38	X2: 8.18, p = 0.085
Forest on 50 m-r plot (0.79 ha)	0.35 ± 0.26 0–0.79	0.39 ± 0.26 0–0.79	0.47 ± 0.23 0–0.79	0.24 ± 0.25 0–0.79	0.27 ± 0.27 0–0.79	0.39 ± 0.25 0–0.79	X2: 13.53,p= 0.009
Patch size (ha)	31.2 ± 50.68 0–180.48	62.4 ± 85.02 0–180.48	31.9 ± 29.94 0–61	3.9 ± 7.03 0–20.7	39.4 ± 43.19 0–85.9	21.7 ± 20.65 0–44.3	X2: 13.94,p= 0.007
Distance to the edge (m)	−41.5 ± 186.56 −1372–177	−7.1 ± 72.79 −315–84	31.7 ± 78.83 −165–177	−60.2 ± 111.05 −414–60	−192.8 ± 403.29 −1372–50	−5.2 ± 64.31 −246–67	X2: 16.24,p= 0.003