Table 1.

Summary of substance dependence etiology and relevance to adolescents.

Substance Dependence Theory	Associated Risk Behaviors	Predictions for Vulnerable Adolescents	Affected Neural Substrate(s)	Preventative Interventions
Executive Dysfunction	Inhibitory control, Sustained attention	Decreased	PFC	Meditation/Yoga, Martial Arts, Mindfulness Training
Incentive Salience	Reward cue reactivity, Sensitivity to Reward	Increased	NAc → mPFC, BLA ⟵→ mPFC	Novelty, Enrichment
Habit Formation	Automatic behaviors, Insensitive to devaluation	Increased	Dorsal STR	Exercise
Stress Reactivity	Emotional dysregulation, Heightened startle/arousal	Increased	Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus, NAc, STR, mPFC	Yoga, Mindfulness, Social Support