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. 2017 May 1;7:159. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00159

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Copyright © 2017 Kobayashi, Malachowa and DeLeo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Possible outcomes of neutrophil-microbe interactions. (A) Spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis and removal by a macrophage. (B) Phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) and subsequent macrophage phagocytosis of the apoptotic neutrophil. (C) Neutrophil uptake of a microbe—by phagocytosis or some other mechanism—that leads to delay of neutrophil apoptosis as a means to promote microbe survival. (D) Neutrophil lysis after phagocytosis. Cytolysis can be programmed, e.g., necroptosis, or caused by direct damage. (E) Neutrophil lysis caused by cytolytic toxins, pore-forming agents, physical injury, or frustrated phagocytosis. (F). Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) during neutrophil lysis.