Table 2.
Hazard ratios for self-harm according to indicators of adolescent mental and physical health in the study population (crude and adjusted models)
| No. | Crudeb | Adjustedc | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SHa | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 24 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 60 | 2.55 (1.59–4.10) | 2.50 (1.56–4.01) |
| Parental socioeconomic status | |||
| Primary education | 8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Secondary education | 13 | 0.47 (0.20–1.14) | 0.43 (0.18–1.05) |
| Tertiary education | 63 | 0.83 (0.40–1.73) | 0.73 (0.35–1.53) |
| Cohabitation status | |||
| Parents live together | 51 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Parents separated/divorced | 33 | 2.59 (1.67–4.01) | 2.54 (1.63–3.94) |
| Anxiety/depression (SCL-5) | |||
| SCL-5 mean score | 83 | 2.98 (2.22–4.00) | 2.51 (1.84–3.43) |
| Non-caseness symptoms anxiety/depression | 57 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Caseness symptoms anxiety/depression | 26 | 4.46 (2.80–7.10) | 3.52 (2.18–5.67) |
| (SCL-5 single items) | |||
| Not felt constantly afraid and anxious | 72 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Felt constantly afraid and anxious | 11 | 5.78 (3.06–10.90) | 4.21 (2.21–8.02) |
| Not felt tense or uneasy | 63 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Felt tense or uneasy | 19 | 5.95 (3.56–9.95) | 4.75 (2.82–8.01) |
| Not felt hopelessness when thinking of the future | 64 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Felt hopelessness when thinking of the future | 19 | 2.88 (1.73–4.81) | 2.49 (1.49–4.18) |
| Not felt dejected or sad | 66 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Felt dejected or sad | 17 | 3.21 (1.88–5.47) | 2.46 (1.43–4.25) |
| Not worried too much about various things | 61 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Worried too much about various things | 22 | 3.01 (1.85–4.89) | 2.44 (1.49–4.00) |
| Loneliness | |||
| Sometimes/less seldom | 68 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Very often/often | 16 | 3.99 (2.32–6.89) | 3.31 (1.91–5.73) |
| Bullied at school | |||
| Never/sometimes | 75 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Very often/often | 5 | 3.39 (1.37–8.38) | 3.30 (1.33–8.16) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)d | |||
| Underweight (BMI <18.5) | 5 | 1.47 (0.59–3.67) | 1.46 (0.59–3.65) |
| Normal-weight (BMI 18.5–25) | 56 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight (BMI 25–30) | 11 | 1.06 (0.56–2.03) | 0.99 (0.52–1.89) |
| Obesity (BMI >30) | 7 | 3.15 (1.44–6.92) | 3.06 (1.39–6.73) |
| Epilepsy | |||
| No | 75 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 3 | 3.82 (1.21–12.13) | 3.97 (1.25–12.63) |
| Migraine | |||
| No | 72 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 7 | 2.72 (1.25–5.91) | 2.34 (1.08–5.10) |
| Asthma | |||
| No | 73 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 11 | 1.13 (0.60–2.12) | 1.09 (0.58–2.05) |
| Allergy | |||
| No | 62 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 22 | 0.73 (0.45–1.19) | 0.71 (0.43–1.15) |
| Skin rash | |||
| No | 64 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 20 | 1.21 (0.73–1.99) | 1.04 (0.63–1.73) |
| Stomach pain | |||
| Seldom/never | 47 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sometimes/often | 33 | 2.73 (1.75–4.26) | 2.23 (1.42–3.52) |
| Headache | |||
| Seldom/never | 29 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sometimes/often | 52 | 2.68 (1.70–4.22) | 2.17 (1.36–3.46) |
| Smoking | |||
| Non-smoker | 30 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Smoker (occasionally/daily) | 34 | 2.01 (1.23–3.29) | 1.82 (1.11–2.98) |
| Alcohol | |||
| Been drunk ≤10 times | 45 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Been drunk >10 times | 28 | 1.30 (0.80–2.10) | 1.23 (0.76–2.00) |
SH self-harm, HR hazard ratio, SCL-5 Hopkins Symptom Checklist, 5-item version
aTotal number of self-harm patients vary due to complete case analyses with varying number of missing observations
bAdjusted for age (as time axis)
cAdjusted for age (as time axis), gender, cohabitation situation and socioeconomic status/parental education level at baseline
dAge-and-gender specific body mass index categories based on international cut-off values