FIGURE 1.

Three ways of construing the relationship between attention, perception, and cognition. In all cases, cognitive states can influence what we perceive by literally changing the input for example, via eye-movements. (A) Attention as selection that works on the output of a pre-attentive perceptual processing module. Attention construed in this way can be relevant to CPP insofar as perceptual behaviors that one is interested in (e.g., being aware of what one sees) require attention. (B) Attention as a pre-perceptual filter or spotlight that shapes input to perception. Attention construed in this way is relevant to CPP insofar as the filters are not limited to content-neutral dimensions such as location, but influence processing in a content-specific (semantically coherent) manner. (C) A more general construal of attention as a modulator of perception (symbolized by the symbol for convolution). Some perceptual processes may involve more attentional modulation than others. Cognitive states can influence perception via attention or in other ways. Both routes constitute genuine cases of CPP insofar as the influence is semantically coherent rather than content-neutral.