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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Neurosci. 2016 May 18;59(2):309–316. doi: 10.1007/s12031-016-0766-z

Figure 1.

Figure 1

PACAP activates MEK/ERK signaling through PAC1 receptors. A: Confocal images (~1 μm optical sections) of cardiac ganglia neurons immunostained with an antiserum against pERK. A1: A control cardiac ganglia preparation. A2: A cardiac ganglia preparation exposed to 25 nM PACAP for 20 minutes. A3: A cardiac ganglia preparation exposed to PAC1 receptor agonist maxadilan (25 nM) for 20 minutes. A4: A cardiac ganglia preparation exposed to 25 nM VIP for 20 minutes. Calibration bar in A4 equals 20 μm. Basal levels of pERK immunoreactivity were evident in axonal bundles and peri-neuronal cells. Only PAC1 receptor-mediated signaling increased cardiac ganglia neuron pERK immunoreactivity. B: Averaged fold-change in fluorescence intensity/area for the treatments shown in A. Results averaged from neurons in multiple cardiac ganglia from different whole mount preparations.