Figure 3.

An MSACC tree for the total-evidence analysis. The numbers at the bases of clades show the posterior probabilities of the clades. The filled circles represent sampled ancestors. Fossils with positive evidence of being sampled ancestors are shown in red (gray in printed version). Fossils Paraptenodytes antarcticus and Palaeospheniscus patagonicus both appear around the same time and have the same prior probabilities of 0.42 of being sampled ancestors but the morphological data provides positive evidence for the former to belong to a terminal lineage and for the latter to be a sampled ancestor. Penguin reconstructions used with permission from the artists: fossil species by Stephanie Abramowicz and extant penguin species by Barbara Harmon.