“Vaginal seeding” |
Vaginal seeding could successfully colonize C-section infants with vaginal bacteria |
Dominguez-Bello et al. (2016),101 Knight et al. (2016)105
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Microbial environment |
Green spaces/natural environments rapidly induce positive changes to the psychological, physiological, and endocrine systems; diminished exposure to them in the perinatal period may cause immunoregulatory and psychosocial deficits |
Rook (2013)109
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Probiotic supplementation |
Supplementation with probiotics can confer a plethora of beneficial effects in variety of disorders, eg, consumption of the commensal bacteria L. rhamnosus GG affects fecal Bifidobacterium transfer and composition during early infancy |
Hill et al. (2014),112 Gueimonde et al. (2006)113
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Prebiotic supplementation |
Supplementation with prebiotics may represent a viable strategy to benefit the gut microbiota, immunity, metabolism, and gastrointestinal function of infants exposed to early-life microbial perturbation |
Rastall et al. (2015),123 Slavin (2013),124 Barrett et al. (2015),129 Arslanoglu et al. (2008),130 Gruber et al. (2010)131
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Synbiotic supplementation |
Supplementation with a combination of pre- and probiotics can have synergistic beneficial effects on the immune and metabolic system |
Passeron et al. (2006),136 Nikniaz et al. (2013),137 Ostadrahimi et al. (2013)138
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Human milk feeding |
Microbial establishment in the infant gut is influenced by the microbes present in breast milk |
Diaz Heijtz (2016),64 Hinde et al. (2012)139
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Specific infant formula feeding |
Supplementation of infant milk formula with long-chain fatty acids may prevent and/or improve development of asthma, inhibit placental inflammation, and have implications for neural development - even potentially reversing the impact of early-life stress on the microbiota |
Miles et al. (2014),156 Melody et al. (2015),157 Hsieh et al. (2009),158 Pusceddu et al. (2015)155
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Human donor milk banks |
Can be used as a possible alternative to maternal breastfeeding to improve neonatal health by supporting the safe use of human milk in preterm infants |
Stevens et al. (2015),159 MacKenzie et al. (2013)163
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