Table 3.
Differences in specific sleep outcomes between pSS patients and controls
| Study | Results | pSS | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived sleep disturbance | Goodchild et al., 2010 [13] | pSS vs RA not significantly different for quality of sleep or feeling of refreshment | ND |
| Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 1 [23] | 44% pSS not feeling rested after sleep vs 9.8% RA (P < 0.001) and 15.3% HC (P < 0.01) | + | |
| Tishler et al., 1997 [26] | Moderate/severe sleep disturbance 75% pSS. Significantly greater than OA and RA (P < 0.01) | + | |
| van Oers et al., 2010 [28] | Significant differences in sleep disturbance (P < 0.001) between all groups (SLE, RA, HC, pSS). pSS highest median (6/15), HC lowest (2.3/15). | + | |
| Time spent in bed | Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 2 [23] | pSS mean time in bed (500 min, range 444–532) similar to HC (range 419–514) | ND |
| Theander et al., 2010 [25] | pSS 45 min more in bed vs HC (8.24 vs 7.72 h; P = 0.048) | + | |
| Total sleep time | Goodchild et al., 2010 [13] | pSS mean 7 h asleep, similar to RA | ND |
| Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 1 [23] | pSS mean of 5.2 h asleep (s.d. 1.90), significantly less than RA [6.8 h (s.d. 1.30), P < 0.05] and HC [7.2 h (s.d. 0.77), P < 0.0001] | + | |
| Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 2 [23] | pSS mean 358 min asleep (range 183–473), less than HC range (396–466 min) | + | |
| Hilditch et al., 2008 [24] | No difference total sleep time pSS vs HC | ND | |
| Usmani et al., 2012 [27] | No difference total sleep time pSS vs HC | ND | |
| Sleep onset latency | Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 1 [23] | Mean time to fall asleep greatest in pSS [30 min (s.d. 52.49)] vs RA [21 min (s.d. 19.44)] and HC [19 min (s.d. 6.97)], difference not significant | ND |
| Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 2 [23] | pSS mean 20 min to fall asleep (range 3–65), greater than HC range (1.5–13.6 min) | + | |
| Usmani et al., 2012 [27] | pSS mean 22.8 min to fall asleep (range 14–40) vs 13.8 for HC (range 6–22) (P = 0.035) | + | |
| Sleep efficiency | Goodchild et al., 2010 [13] | pSS 84% sleep efficiency significantly less than RA 89.4% (P < 0.05) | + |
| Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 2 [23] | pSS 70% mean sleep efficiency, well below control range (94–100%) | + | |
| Hilditch et al., 2008 [24] | No difference in pSS group vs HC (combined mean 44% sleep efficiency) | ND | |
| Number of night awakenings | Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 1 [23] | pSS woke mean 2.6 times, significantly more than RA (1.5) (P < 0.0001) and HC (1.0) (P < 0.05) | + |
| Gudbjörnsson et al. 1993 Study 2 [23] | pSS woke mean 19 times (polysomnography) vs HC (range 1–7) | + | |
| Theander et al., 2010 [25] | pSS awakenings [mean 2.7 (s.d. 0.17)] higher than HC [mean 1.7 (s.d. 0.18), P = 0.001] | + | |
| Arousal index | Hilditch et al., 2008 [24] | Trend of higher mean nocturnal arousals in pSS vs HC (P < 0.06) | ND |
| Usmani et al., 2012 [27] | No difference pSS vs HC (P = 0.18) | ND | |
| Ventilatory measurements and sleep apnoea | Hilditch et al., 2008 [24] | No difference pSS vs HC for upper airway collapsibility index and respiratory variables | ND |
| Usmani et al., 2012 [27] | Twice the frequency of apnoeas and hypoapnoeas in pSS vs HC (P = 0.032) | + | |
| Sleep apnoea 64% pSS vs 28% HC (P = 0.03) | |||
| Daytime somnolence | Gudbjörnsson et al., 1993, study 1 [23] | pSS significantly more daytime sleepiness vs HC (P < 0.001) or RA (P < 0.0001). pSS significantly more daytime naps [pSS 15.2% vs HC 0% (P < 0.01)], but not RA (21.4%) | + |
| Theander et al., 2010 [25] | pSS significantly worse daytime sleepiness [ESS; mean 9.5 (s.d. 5.2)] vs HC [mean 7 (s.d. 4.0)] (P = 0.003) and significantly more excessive sleepiness (15.3%) vs HC (11.9%) (P = 0.016) | + | |
| Usmani et al., 2012 [27] | pSS significantly worse for daytime sleepiness [ESS; mean 10.1 (s.d. 5.82)] vs HC [mean 6.5 (s.d. 3.39), P = 0.014] | + | |
| Walker et al., 2003 [29] | pSS daytime sleepiness significantly worse vs OA (OR 2.50, P = 0.01) | + |
P-values are reported when provided in the published studies. +: favours controls; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; HC: healthy controls; ND: no difference.