Table 3. Associations of Adverse Birth Outcomes with Cord Blood 25(OH)D Concentrations (N = 4262) 1.
| Birth characteristics | N | Cord blood 25(OH)D (nmol/L) |
|---|---|---|
| Gestational age | 4262 | |
| <37.0 weeks | 130 | 0.02 (-0.13, 0.17) |
| 37.0-41.9 weeks | 3849 | Reference |
| ≥42 weeks | 283 | -0.06 (-0.16, 0.05) |
| Trend | -0.01 (-0.03, 0) | |
| Birth weight | 4258 | |
| <2000 grams | 15 | -0.49 (-0.91, -0.06)2 |
| 2000 - 2499 g | 94 | -0.01 (-0.18, 0.17) |
| 2500 - 2999 g | 607 | -0.02 (-0.11, 0.06) |
| 3000 - 3499 g | 1535 | Reference |
| 3500 - 3999 g | 1412 | 0.01 (-0.05, 0.07) |
| 4000 - 4499 g | 502 | -0.01 (-0.10, 0.08) |
| ≥4500 grams | 93 | 0.06 (-0.12, 0.23) |
| Trend | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07)2,3 | |
| Birth weight for gestational age | 4257 | |
| Small | 164 | -0.09 (-0.22, 0.05) |
| Normal | 3881 | Reference |
| Large | 212 | 0.06 (-0.06, 0.18) |
| Trend | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06)2 |
Values are linear regression coefficients (95% confidence interval) and reflect the change in standard deviation (SDS) of cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations for each birth weight or gestational age group, compared to the reference group. Trend estimates represent the effect estimates for the continuous associations per SDS change in birth characteristics. Multivariable model is adjusted for fetal sex, maternal characteristics (age, body mass index at intake, alcohol consumption, smoking during pregnancy, folic acid and vitamin supplements, energy, iron, zinc and calcium dietary intake during pregnancy, education, ethnicity, gestational hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, parity and the presence of anorexia).
P value < 0.05.
Also significant after applying Bonferroni correction (P value <0.025).