Table 2.
Diabetes and obesity from empirical surveys in Samoan adults, 1978–2013
| Year | Diabetes prevalence | Mean fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | Obesity prevalence (standard cut‐point) | Obesity prevalence (ethnic cut‐point) | Mean BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | N | 95% CI | Mean | N | 95% CI | N | % | 95% CI | % | 95% CI | Mean | N | 95% CI | |
| Men | ||||||||||||||
| 1978 | 3.9 | 334 | 1.8 to 5.9 | 5.1 | 421 | 5.0 to 5.2 | 381 | 23.5 | 19.3 to 27.8 | 13.6 | 10.1 to 17.0 | 27.1 | 491 | 26.8 to 27.5 |
| 1991a | 9.3 | 689 | 7.1 to 11.4 | 6.1 | 689 | 6.0 to 6.2 | 246 | 36.5 | 30.5 to 42.6 | 25.1 | 19.7 to 30.5 | 29.0 | 696 | 28.8 to 29.2 |
| 1991b | 7.7 | 336 | 4.8 to 10.5 | 5.8 | 315 | 5.6 to 5.9 | 340 | 50.6 | 45.3 to 55.9 | 49.9 | 44.5 to 55.2 | 30.6 | 181 | 29.8 to 31.5 |
| 1995 | 4.9 | 264 | 2.3 to 7.5 | 4.8 | 346 | 4.7 to 4.9 | 201 | 34.7 | 28.1 to 41.3 | 45.1 | 38.2 to 51.9 | 28.1 | 341 | 27.1 to 29.0 |
| 2002 | 19.1 | 826 | 16.4 to 21.8 | 6.4 | 1136 | 6.3 to 6.5 | 866 | 43.0 | 39.7 to 46.3 | 31.5 | 28.3 to 34.5 | 29.7 | 1185 | 29.4 to 30.0 |
| 2003 | 8.0 | 293 | 4.8 to 11.1 | 5.5 | 295 | 5.2 to 5.7 | 314 | 44.2 | 38.7 to 49.7 | 30.5 | 25.4 to 35.6 | 29.9 | 317 | 29.3 to 30.5 |
| 2010 | 13.6 | 1154 | 11.6 to 15.6 | 5.8 | 1165 | 5.7 to 6.0 | 1381 | 51.2 | 48.6 to 53.9 | 38.4 | 35.8 to 40.9 | 30.9 | 1394 | 30.6 to 31.2 |
| 2013 | 27.0 | 656 | 23.6 to 30.4 | 6.8 | 653 | 6.6 to 7.0 | 582 | 53.1 | 49.1 to 57.2 | 39.2 | 35.2 to 43.1 | 31.5 | 579 | 30.9 to 32.1 |
| Women | ||||||||||||||
| 1978 | 5.2 | 403 | 3.0 to 7.4 | 5.1 | 520 | 5.0 to 5.3 | 447 | 43.7 | 39.1 to 48.3 | 30.0 | 25.8 to 34.2 | 29.2 | 587 | 28.8 to 29.6 |
| 1991a | 9.0 | 826 | 7.1 to 11.0 | 5.9 | 826 | 5.8 to 6.0 | 287 | 56.1 | 50.3 to 61.8 | 42.9 | 37.1 to 48.6 | 31.2 | 836 | 30.9 to 31.4 |
| 1991b | 4.3 | 398 | 2.3 to 6.3 | 5.2 | 383 | 5.1 to 5.3 | 389 | 52.2 | 47.2 to 57.1 | 43.1 | 38.1 to 48.0 | 30.1 | 222 | 29.4 to 30.8 |
| 1995 | 7.0 | 286 | 4.0 to 9.9 | 5.2 | 403 | 5.1 to 5.4 | 221 | 66.1 | 59.9 to 72.4 | 45.4 | 38.8 to 51.9 | 31.2 | 348 | 30.6 to 31.9 |
| 2002 | 22.2 | 906 | 19.5 to 24.9 | 6.5 | 1284 | 6.4 to 6.6 | 947 | 66.4 | 63.4 to 69.4 | 52.7 | 49.5 to 55.9 | 33.2 | 1337 | 32.9 to 33.5 |
| 2003 | 11.2 | 352 | 7.9 to 14.5 | 5.8 | 349 | 5.5 to 6.0 | 370 | 69.7 | 65.0 to 74.4 | 58.6 | 53.6 to 63.6 | 33.8 | 367 | 33.1 to 34.5 |
| 2010 | 14.9 | 1789 | 13.2 to 16.5 | 5.9 | 1769 | 5.7 to 6.0 | 2072 | 75.1 | 73.3 to 77.0 | 63.6 | 61.5 to 65.7 | 34.7 | 2052 | 34.4 to 35.0 |
| 2013 | 22.6 | 966 | 19.9 to 25.2 | 6.7 | 963 | 6.6 to 6.9 | 885 | 73.4 | 70.5 to 76.3 | 63.0 | 59.8 to 66.1 | 34.7 | 889 | 34.2 to 35.2 |
| National | ||||||||||||||
| 1978 | 4.6 | 738 | 3.1 to 6.2 | 5.1 | 941 | 5.0 to 5.2 | 829 | 34.7 | 31.4 to 37.9 | 22.6 | 19.7 to 25.4 | 28.3 | 1078 | 28.0 to 28.6 |
| 1991a | 8.9 | 1515 | 7.5 to 10.4 | 6.0 | 1515 | 5.9 to 6.1 | 1167 | 47.0 | 44.1 to 49.9 | 34.6 | 31.9 to 37.3 | 30.2 | 1532 | 29.9 to 30.4 |
| 1991b | 6.0 | 734 | 4.3 to 7.7 | 5.5 | 698 | 5.4 to 5.6 | 729 | 51.4 | 47.7 to 55.0 | 46.5 | 42.8 to 50.1 | 30.5 | 716 | 30.2 to 30.9 |
| 1995 | 6.0 | 550 | 4.0 to 7.9 | 5.0 | 749 | 4.9 to 5.1 | 422 | 50.4 | 45.6 to 55.2 | 45.2 | 40.5 to 50.0 | 29.8 | 705 | 29.2 to 30.5 |
| 2002 | 20.7 | 1738 | 18.8 to 22.6 | 6.5 | 2420 | 6.4 to 6.5 | 1812 | 55.6 | 53.3 to 57.9 | 42.6 | 40.4 to 44.9 | 31.5 | 2522 | 31.3 to 31.7 |
| 2003 | 9.7 | 644 | 7.4 to 12.0 | 5.6 | 644 | 5.4 to 5.8 | 684 | 57.7 | 54.0 to 61.4 | 45.7 | 41.9 to 49.4 | 32.0 | 684 | 31.5 to 32.5 |
| 2010 | 14.4 | 2942 | 13.1 to 15.7 | 5.9 | 2934 | 5.7 to 6.0 | 3447 | 65.5 | 63.9 to 67.1 | 53.5 | 51.9 to 55.2 | 33.2 | 3446 | 32.9 to 33.4 |
| 2013 | 24.3 | 1622 | 22.2 to 26.4 | 6.8 | 1616 | 6.7 to 6.9 | 1466 | 65.2 | 62.8 to 67.6 | 53.4 | 50.8 to 55.9 | 33.4 | 1468 | 33.0 to 33.8 |
1978 Non‐Communicable Disease Risk Factor (NCDRF) Survey n = 1079 7; 1991a NCDRF Survey (n = 1532) 8, 9; 1991b (n = 748) and 1995 (n = 719) Samoan Adiposity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor (SACRF) study 10; 2002 Samoa STEPS (n = 2554) 5; 2003 Samoan Family Study of Overweight and Diabetes (SFSOD) n = 684 11; 2010 Genome‐Wide Association Study (GWAS) n = 3468 12; and 2013 Samoa STEPS (n = 1725) 6. Estimates weighted to the most recent previous census to improve representativeness.
Sex‐specific estimates adjusted for Division of residence and age. National estimates adjusted for Division of residence, sex and age.
Diabetes = fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/l and/or on medication. Mean fasting plasma glucose includes those on Type 2 diabetes mellitus medication.
Cut‐off points for obesity: standard, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2; ethnic‐specific, BMI > 32 kg/m2.