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. 2017 May 2;8:744. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00744

Table 1.

Summary of detected OTUs, location and treatment effectsa.

Boxplot Nr.b OTU Nr.c Taxonomyd Location Effecte Treatment Effectf Cow Effectg
Phylum Class Order Family Genus P−value EAAB LAAB PAAB P−value EAAB LAAB PAAB
A. EF112194 Euryarchaeota Methanobacteria Methanobacteriales Methanobacteriaceae Methanobrevibacter *** + +++ − − −
B1. EU779121 Actinobacteria Actinobacteria Bifidobacteriales Bifidobacteriaceae u.b. *** − ++ + * −
B2. AB559503 Actinobacteria Actinobacteria Bifidobacteriales Bifidobacteriaceae Bifidobacterium *** − ++ ++ − *
B3. AM277978 Actinobacteria Actinobacteria Bifidobacteriales Bifidobacteriaceae Bifidobacterium ** − + ++ † d d *
C1. EU469015 Actinobacteria Coriobacteriia Coriobacteriales Coriobacteriaceae Atopobium *** − ++ − ** ii *
C2. AB270014 Actinobacteria Coriobacteriia Coriobacteriales Coriobacteriaceae Atopobium *** − ++ − ** ii −
C3. New.Ref.OTU Actinobacteria Coriobacteriia Coriobacteriales Coriobacteriaceae Atopobium *** − ++ − ** ii −
D. EF445233 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
E1. AB185544 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales BS11 gut group u.b. *** ++ ++ +++ − −
E2. EF686531 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales BS11 gut group u.b. *** ++ ++ ++ − −
E3. EU773647 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales BS11 gut group u.b. *** − +++ ++ − −
E4. AY244965 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales BS11 gut group u.b. *** − ++ ++ − *
F1. AB009235 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ * d −
F2. EU259377 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** + +++ ++ − −
F3. EF445293 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F4. AB009192 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** + +++ +++ − −
F5. New.Ref.OTU Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F6. AB269981 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − +++ ++ − −
F7. EF445210 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − + ++ − −
F8. EU844726 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** + − ++ − −
F9. GQ327024 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − †
F10. EF436359 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F11. EU719305 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella − − − − − −
F12. AB185608 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F13. AY244946 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** + +++ +++ − −
F14. AF018469 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − *
F15. GQ327306 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F16. AB034102 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − +++ +++ * −
F17. AB270138 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** + +++ +++ * ii −
F18. AB270130 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** + − ++ − −
F19. GQ327214 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F20. EU719226 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F21. AF001777 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella † − ++ ++ ** i ii i −
F22. AB269968 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − +++ +++ − −
F23. GU302536 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ * ii −
F24. New.Ref.OTU Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ ** −
F25. New.Ref.OTU Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae Prevotella *** − ++ ++ − −
F26. EU381920 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − †
F27. EU461494 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Prevotellaceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
G1. AB494890 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group *** + + +++ − −
G2. DQ394621 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group *** ++ ++ ++ * dd dd −
G3. EU842535 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group * ++ ++ ++ − −
G4. GU304085 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group *** +++ ++ − − −
G5. AM183042 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group *** + + ++ − −
G6. AB494915 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group *** − +++ ++ † dd −
G7. GU302529 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group *** ++ ++ − * dd d −
G8. New.Ref.OTU Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group *** − ++ ++ − −
H1. EU470196 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales S24−7 u.b. *** + ++ ++ * dd dd −
H2. EU843773 Bacteroidetes Bacteroidia Bacteroidales S24−7 u.b. *** − − ++ − −
I. EU381782 Candidate division SR1 u.b. *** ++ − +++ − −
J1. EU462203 Candidate division TM7 u.b. *** − + ++ − −
J2. GQ327541 Candidate division TM7 u.b. *** − − ++ − −
J3. EU474584 Candidate division TM7 u.b. *** +++ ++ ++ − −
J4. EU381496 Candidate division TM7 u.b. *** + ++ ++ − −
K. GU303955 Cyanobacteria SHA−109 u.b. *** − ++ ++ *** d −
L1. EF190826 Fibrobacteres Fibrobacteria Fibrobacterales Fibrobacteraceae Fibrobacter *** − + ++ − −
L2. EU381811 Fibrobacteres Fibrobacteria Fibrobacterales Fibrobacteraceae Fibrobacter *** + + ++ − *
L3. EU381936 Fibrobacteres Fibrobacteria Fibrobacterales Fibrobacteraceae Fibrobacter *** − + ++ − −
M1. EF436353 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** − +++ − − −
M2. AB270057 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** ++ +++ − − −
M3. AB185717 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
M4. AB270004 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** + +++ ++ † −
M5. EU468616 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** − ++ − − −
M6. AY854343 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** − ++ + * −
M7. AB185553 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** ++ +++ +++ ** d −
M8. AB494899 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. *** ++ +++ ++ − −
M9. AB185594 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Christensenellaceae u.b. * ++ + ++ − −
N1. EU843488 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis Anaerovorax *** +++ − + − −
N2. New.Ref.OTU Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis Incertae Sedis *** +++ + − − −
N3. EU842492 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis Incertae Sedis *** +++ − − − −
N4. EU842291 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis Mogibacterium *** ++ ++ ++ − −
N5. AY854273 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis Mogibacterium *** − ++ ++ − *
N6. FJ682205 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Family XIII Incertae Sedis Mogibacterium *** +++ ++ − − −
O1. AB494822 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Acetitomaculum *** − ++ − *** dd −
O2. AB185642 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Acetitomaculum *** − +++ − − −
O3. AM039826 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** − ++ ++ ** i ii −
O4. New.Ref.OTU Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** +++ − − *** dd −
O5. AB494805 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** + ++ +++ − −
O6. AB494848 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** − ++ ++ − −
O7. EF445238 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** − + ++ − †
O8. AB034052 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** − +++ +++ − −
O9. GU303299 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** +++ + − − −
O10. AB494833 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** − ++ ++ − −
O11. FJ032568 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** − + ++ ** d d −
O12. EU843345 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Butyrivibrio *** − ++ ++ − −
O13. GU124460 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ ++ − *
O14. AF001722 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ +++ − −
O15. AB269976 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − + ++ − *
O16 EU381578 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − + ++ * i ii −
O17. AB494761 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ ++ − −
O18. New.Ref.OTU Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ ++ − −
O19. New.Ref.OTU Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ ++ − †
O20. EF436345 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ − − −
O21. DQ237938 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − +++ ++ − *
O22. EF436445 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ − − −
O23. New.Ref.OTU Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae L. Incertae Sedis *** − ++ ++ − −
O24. GU303078 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Oribacterium *** − − ++ * ii −
O25. DQ085079 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Pseudobutyrivibrio *** − ++ ++ ** ii i −
O26. AB494919 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Pseudobutyrivibrio *** − ++ ++ − −
O27. FJ032427 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Roseburia ** − ++ ++ * ii −
O28. EU842536 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Roseburia *** − ++ ++ ** dd −
O29. AF371623 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Roseburia * − ++ ++ † ii dd −
O30. JF797351 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae Shuttleworthia * − ++ ++ ** i ii −
O31. AF001734 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − − ++ − *
O32. EU845282 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** + ++ ++ − −
O33. EU773612 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** + ++ ++ − −
O34. EU843817 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
O35. EU381579 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** + ++ ++ ** i ***
O36. AB270112 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
O37. AB494866 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − + ++ − −
O38. FJ032551 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
O39. AY854272 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
O40. EU381488 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
O41. AF001717 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − + ++ * dd **
O42. EU719231 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ * d −
O43. AB494778 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ +++ − −
O44. AB270116 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − + ++ − −
O45. AB269996 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** +++ + − − −
O46. GU304496 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** +++ − − − *
O47. AB494806 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Lachnospiraceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ ** ii ii −
P1. AB270001 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Incertae Sedis *** − ++ + ** ii i **
P2. EF686593 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus *** − ++ ++ − d −
P3. EF436321 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus *** − ++ +++ − −
P4. EU469842 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus *** − ++ ++ * ii ii −
P5. AB494882 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus *** + ++ +++ − −
P6. EU381458 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus *** − ++ ++ * ii −
P7. AAQK01009861 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus *** − +++ ++ ** dd dd −
P8. EU381848 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Ruminococcus *** + ++ ++ − †
P9. GQ327231 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Saccharofermentans *** + ++ +++ † −
P10. EF686527 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Saccharofermentans *** − ++ ++ − −
P11. AB494824 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Saccharofermentans *** ++ ++ +++ − −
P12. AY854346 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Saccharofermentans *** + − ++ − −
P13. EU381703 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Saccharofermentans *** − ++ ++ − *
P14. GQ327304 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Saccharofermentans *** − ++ ++ − −
P15. AB034038 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae Saccharofermentans *** − ++ ++ * −
P16. EU468242 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
P17. AB494879 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** + +++ +++ − −
P18. EU344218 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − ++ +++ − −
P19. EU381706 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** + + ++ − −
P20. AB270149 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ * ii −
P21. EU381964 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − + ++ − *
P22. AB494900 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − − ++ * dd †
P23. EU381950 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** +++ ++ +++ − −
P24. AF001762 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** +++ ++ ++ * dd *
P25. AF001761 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** + − ++ − −
P26. AB009186 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − − ++ − −
P27. EU842742 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ † d i *
P28. AB185556 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** + +++ +++ − *
P29. EU381629 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − + ++ − −
P30. AY854363 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** + ++ +++ − −
P31. AB185810 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. * − ++ ++ − †
P32. DQ394677 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** − + ++ − −
P33. AB009189 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Ruminococcaceae u.b. *** ++ − ++ − −
Q1. AB009216 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Veillonellaceae Anaerovibrio *** − ++ ++ ** ii i −
Q2. AB034139 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Veillonellaceae Selenomonas *** − ++ ++ ** ii ii −
Q3. GQ327079 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Veillonellaceae Selenomonas ** − + ++ * i i −
Q4. AY244976 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Veillonellaceae Succiniclasticum *** +++ +++ +++ * d dd dd −
Q5. EU843672 Firmicutes Clostridia Clostridiales Veillonellaceae Succiniclasticum *** + − ++ − −
R1. AB210825 Firmicutes Erysipelotrichia Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae Catenibacterium * + ++ ++ ** i ii ii −
R2. FJ032444 Firmicutes Erysipelotrichia Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae Sharpea *** − + ++ − −
R3. EU458717 Firmicutes Erysipelotrichia Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae u.b. *** − +++ ++ * dd dd −
R4. EU381583 Firmicutes Erysipelotrichia Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae u.b. *** − ++ ++ − −
R5. EU381506 Firmicutes Erysipelotrichia Erysipelotrichales Erysipelotrichaceae u.b. *** +++ ++ ++ − −
S. New.Ref.OTU Proteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Burkholderiales Comamonadaceae Comamonas *** +++ − − ** ii −
T1. EU844167 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Desulfobacterales Desulfobulbaceae Desulfobulbus *** +++ − − − †
T2. New.Ref.OTU Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Desulfobacterales Desulfobulbaceae Desulfobulbus *** +++ − − † ii −
T3. GU303056 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Desulfobacterales Desulfobulbaceae Desulfobulbus *** +++ − − − −
U. DQ174169 Proteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacterales Campylobacteraceae Campylobacter *** +++ − − † −
V1. EF445274 Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Aeromonadales Succinivibrionaceae u.b. − + ++ + − −
V2. EU381934 Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Aeromonadales Succinivibrionaceae u.b. *** + +++ +++ − −
W. New.Ref.OTU Proteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Cardiobacteriales Cardiobacteriaceae Suttonella *** +++ − − ** dd −
X1. AB270123 Spirochaetes Spirochaetes Spirochaetales Spirochaetaceae Treponema *** + ++ ++ − −
X2. AF001693 Spirochaetes Spirochaetes Spirochaetales Spirochaetaceae Treponema *** + +++ +++ − †
Y1. EF445251 Tenericutes Mollicutes RF9 u.b. *** + ++ ++ * dd −
Y2. EU381563 Tenericutes Mollicutes RF9 u.b. *** + ++ ++ − −
Y3. EU381558 Tenericutes Mollicutes RF9 u.b. *** + + ++ − †
Y4. AF001770 Tenericutes Mollicutes RF9 u.b. *** + − ++ * −
a

Cows were divided into a pasture and confinement group (PG, CG, n = 5). The CG stayed on a TMR based ration during the entire trial while the PG was slowly introduced to a pasture-based ration: wk 1: TMR, wk 2: TMR and 3 h pasture/d, wk 3 and 4: TMR and 12 h pasture/d, wk 5–10: pasture and 1.75 kg DM concentrate/d. Samples of the rumen liquid- (LAAB), particle- (PAAB), and epithelium-(EAAB) associated archaea and bacteria were collected in wk 1, wk 5, and wk 10 and 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing was performed.

b

Boxplots with statistics included in Data Sheet.

c

OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit, New.Ref. OTU, New Reference OTU.

d

u.a., unculturable archeon, u.b., unculturable bacterium, all OTUs were classified as “unculturable bacterium or archeon” at species level, therefore only taxonomic classification up to the genus level is shown.

e

P-value: symbols indicate a significant difference in OTU abundance between locations (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, †P < 0.10). Symbols describe the proportional abundance of the OTU at the three different locations (+++ > 1%, ++ > 0.1%, + < 0.1%, - not detected).

f

Influence of the ration change from TMR to pasture on proportional abundance in the PG (comparison wk 1 and wk 10). P-value: symbols indicate a significant difference for a Group × Time or Group × Time × Location interaction (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, †P < 0.10), dd/ ii = decrease/increase by > 2x or > 1% in proportional abundance when decreasing to/increasing from 0, d/i = a decrease/increase by < 2x or <1% in proportional abundance when decreasing to/increasing from 0.

g

Symbols indicates a significant Cow or Cow × Time effect (***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, †P < 0.10).