Figure 1.

Curcumin modulates the phenotypes of CD4⁺ T cells in Cca patients. Peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from healthy subjects (n = 10) and Cca patients [treated with curcumin (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10)]. The PBMCs were analyzed by flow cytometry. (A-D) The gated cells show the frequency of Tregs and Teffs. (E-G) The bars indicate the summarized data of Tregs (E) and Teffs (F) in the upper gates of (A-D), or the frequency of IL-4⁺ cells and IFN-γ⁺ cells (G) in the lower gates of (A-D). The data of bars are presented as mean ± SD. *, P<0.01, compared to the healthy group. Samples from individual subjects were processed and analyzed separately.