Table 2.
Multivariable analyses of the association of risk factors and acute kidney injury (N = 3471)
| Characteristics | Model 1 adjusted for age, sex and period OR (95% CI) | P valuea (PT) | Model 4c adjusted for all variables in table except IMD, medications and HBA1C OR (95% CI) |
P valuea (PT) | Model 5 additionally adjusted for medications & HBA1C OR (95% CI) |
P valuea (PT) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | 0.71 (0.56–0.91) | 0.007 | 0.63 (0.48–0.82) | 0.0005 | 0.64 (0.49–0.83) | 0.0008 | |
| Age years | 65–69 | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 0.11 | 0.92 (0.57–1.48) | 0.74 | 0.83 (0.52–1.35) | 0.55 |
| 70–74 | 0.62 (0.42–0.92) | 0.76 (0.50–1.17) | 0.70 (0.46–1.09) | ||||
| 75–79 | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 0.83 (0.57–1.20) | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | ||||
| 80–84 | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.88 (0.63–1.24) | 0.84 (0.59–1.18) | ||||
| ≥85 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| IMDb | 1 (least deprived) | 1 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| 2 | 1.09 (0.74–1.60) | 0.96 | |||||
| 3 | 1.07 (0.72–1.59) | ||||||
| 4 | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) | ||||||
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.06 (0.69–1.61) | ||||||
| Smoking status | Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Current smoker | 1.12 (0.76–1.67) | 0.74 | 1.32 (0.87–2.00) | 0.36 | 1.39 (0.92–2.11) | 0.25 | |
| Ex-smoker | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 1.22 (0.88–1.68) | 1.26 (0.91–1.74) | ||||
| Alcohol intake (u/day) | Non-drinker | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Ex-drinker | 0.98 (0.64–1.50) | 0.27 | 1.00 (0.65–1.55) | 0.40 | 1.00 (0.64–1.55) | 0.43 | |
| Current ≤6 units/day | 0.83 (0.59–1.18) | 0.86 (0.60–1.23) | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | ||||
| Heavy >6 units/day | 0.52 (0.24–1.15) | 0.56 (0.25–1.26) | 0.55 (0.24–1.26) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 15–18.4 | 0.80 (0.39–1.64) | 0.05 | 0.90 (0.43–1.88) | 0.50 | 0.95 (0.45–2.00) | 0.53 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 25–29.9 | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 0.92 (0.67–1.25) | 0.90 (0.65–1.23) | ||||
| ≥30 | 1.44 (1.05–1.97) | 1.17 (0.85–1.62) | 1.14 (0.82–1.58) | ||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | ≤29 | 5.53 (3.75–8.15) | <0.0001 | 4.80 (3.18–7.23) | <0.0001 | 4.62 (3.06–6.99) | <0.0001 |
| 30–59 | 2.74 (2.06–3.66) | (<0.0001) | 2.58 (1.92–3.47) | (<0.0001) | 2.48 (1.84–3.33) | (<0.0001) | |
| ≥60 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Proteinuria | 1.66 (1.30–2.11) | <0.0001 | 1.27 (0.98–1.63) | 0.07 | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 0.12 | |
| Hypertension | 1.63 (1.21–2.19) | 0.0007 | 1.36 (1.01–1.85) | 0.04 | 1.27 (0.93–1.73) | 0.13 | |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 1.24 (0.94–1.64) | 0.13 | 1.07 (0.79–1.45) | 0.65 | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 0.86 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 0.4 | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.08 | 0.76 (0.58–1.00) | 0.04 | |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.99 | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 0.44 | 0.90 (0.68–1.20) | 0.47 | |
| Dementia | 1.05 (0.66–1.65) | 0.85 | 1.12 (0.70–1.80) | 0.64 | 1.17 (0.73–1.88) | 0.53 | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 0.11 | 0.79 (0.59–1.07) | 0.12 | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 0.12 | |
| Cancer | 0.72 (0.52–1.01) | 0.05 | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) | 0.07 | 0.76 (0.54–1.07) | 0.11 | |
| Connective tissue diseases | 0.63 (0.39–1.01) | 0.04 | 0.64 (0.39–1.05) | 0.06 | 0.66 (0.40–1.08) | 0.08 | |
| Either ACEIs/ ARBs | 1.96 (1.49–2.58) | <0.0001 | Not in model | 1.59 (1.19–2.13) | 0.002 | ||
| HBA1C levels | Good <7% | 1 | Not in model | 1 | |||
| Borderline 7–10% | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.98 | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.38 | |||
| High >7% | 0.95 (0.52–1.73) | 0.82 (0.43–1.54) | |||||
| Medication diabetes | None | 1 | Not in model | 1 | |||
| Oral | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) | 0.005 | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 0.05 | |||
| Insulin | 2.49 (1.46–4.23) | 2.27 (1.27–4.05) | |||||
| Both | 1.43 (0.99–2.07) | 1.11 (0.72–1.71) | |||||
| Period | April 2004- Sep. 2007 | 1 | <0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 |
| Oct. 2007- March 2011 | 2.79 (2.07–3.76) | (<0.0001) | 2.91 (2.14–3.94) | (<0.0001) | 2.90 (2.14–3.95) | (<0.0001) | |
IMD index of multiple deprivation OR odds ratio CI confidence interval alikelihood ratio test PT P value for trend brecords with missing individual IMD were substituted by values for general practice cModel 2 and 3 are presented in Table 4 in Appendix u units; BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers Sep. September Oct. October