Table 4.
Multivariable analyses of the association between risk factors and acute kidney injury: three Models (N = 3471)
| Characteristics | Model 1 Adjusted for age, sex and period OR (95% CI) |
P valuea (PT) | Model 2 additionally, adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol-intake OR (95% CI) |
P valuea (PT) | Model 3 additionally adjusted for hypertension OR (95% CI) |
P valuea (PT) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | 0.71 (0.56–0.91) | 0.007 | 0.69 (0.53–0.89) | 0.004 | 0.66 (0.51–0.86) | 0.002 | |
| Age categories years | 65–69 | 0.67 (0.44–1.03) | 0.11 | 0.59 (0.37–0.92) | 0.02 | 0.59 (0.37–0.92) | 0.03 |
| 70–74 | 0.62 (0.42–0.92) | 0.55 (0.36–0.83) | 0.55 (0.36–0.83) | ||||
| 75–79 | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 0.68 (0.48–0.97) | 0.66 (0.46–0.94) | ||||
| 80–84 | 0.84 (0.61–1.17) | 0.80 (0.58–1.12) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | ||||
| ≥85 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Estimated IMDb | 1 (least deprived) | 1 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| 2 | 1.09 (0.74–1.60) | 0.96 | |||||
| 3 | 1.07 (0.72–1.59) | ||||||
| 4 | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) | ||||||
| 5 (most deprived) | 1.06 (0.69–1.61) | ||||||
| Smoking status | Non-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Current smoker | 1.12 (0.76–1.67) | 0.74 | 1.17 (0.78–1.74) | 0.68 | 1.18 (0.79–1.77) | 0.65 | |
| Ex-smoker | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 1.14 (0.83–1.55) | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) | ||||
| Alcohol intake (units/day) | Non-drinker | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Ex-drinker | 0.98 (0.64–1.50) | 0.27 | 0.97 (0.63–1.49) | 0.29 | 0.96 (0.63–1.48) | 0.24 | |
| Current ≤6 units/day | 0.83 (0.59–1.18) | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 0.82 (0.58–1.17) | ||||
| Heavy >6 units/day | 0.52 (0.24–1.15) | 0.53 (0.24–1.17) | 0.50 (0.23–1.11) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 15–18.4 | 0.80 (0.39–1.64) | 0.05 | 0.80 (0.39–1.63) | 0.06 | 0.80 (0.39–1.64) | 0.09 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 25–29.9 | 1.00 (0.74–1.35) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 0.99 (0.73–1.34) | ||||
| ≥30 | 1.44 (1.05–1.97) | 1.43 (1.04–1.95) | 1.39 (1.01–1.90) | ||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | ≤29 | 5.53 (3.75–8.15) | <0.0001 | Not in model | Not in model | ||
| 30–59 | 2.74 (2.06–3.66) | (<0.0001) | |||||
| ≥60 | 1 | ||||||
| Proteinuria | 1.66 (1.30–2.11) | <0.0001 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Hypertension | 1.63 (1.21–2.19) | 0.0007 | Not in model | 1.62 (1.21–2.18) | 0.0009 | ||
| Congestive cardiac failure | 1.24 (0.94–1.64) | 0.13 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 0.4 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.99 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Dementia | 1.05 (0.66–1.65) | 0.85 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Chronic lung disease | 0.79 (0.59–1.06) | 0.11 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Cancer | 0.72 (0.52–1.01) | 0.05 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Connective tissue disease | 0.63 (0.39–1.01) | 0.04 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Either ACEIs/ ARBs | 1.96 (1.49–2.58) | <0.0001 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| HbA1C | Good <7% | 1 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Borderline 7–10% | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.98 | |||||
| High >7% | 0.95 (0.52–1.73) | ||||||
| Medication diabetes | None | 1 | Not in model | Not in model | |||
| Oral | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) | 0.005 | |||||
| Insulin | 2.49 (1.46–4.23) | ||||||
| Both | 1.43 (0.99–2.07) | ||||||
| Study period | April2004-September 2007 | 1 | <0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 |
| October2007-March 2011 | 2.79 (2.07–3.76) | (<0.0001) | 2.78 (2.06–3.75) | (<0.0001) | 2.72 (2.01–3.66) | (<0.0001) | |
OR odds ratio CI confidence interval alikelihood ratio test PT P value for trend IMD index of multiple deprivation brecords with missing individual IMD were substituted by values for general practice u/d units/day BMI body mass index eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers