Table 5.
Sensitivity analysis 1: Association of risk factors and acute kidney injury: multivariable analysis excluding smoking status, alcohol intake, body mass index and glycated-haemoglobin levels (N = 4067, outcome = 344)
| Characteristics | Model from primary analysisa
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) |
P valuec (PT) | Sensitivity analysis Odds ratiob (95% confidence interval) |
P valuec (PT) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Females | 0.64 (0.49–0.83) | 0.0008 | 0.64 (0.51–0.82) | 0.0003 | |
| Age categories (years) | 65–69 | 0.83 (0.52–1.35) | 0.55 | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.64 |
| 70–74 | 0.70 (0.46–1.09) | 0.75 (0.51–1.12) | |||
| 75–79 | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.82 (0.58–1.15) | |||
| 80–84 | 0.84 (0.59–1.18) | 0.93 (0.68–1.26) | |||
| ≥85 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Smoking status | Non-smoker | 1 | Not in model | ||
| Current smoker | 1.39 (0.92–2.11) | 0.25 | |||
| Ex-smoker | 1.26 (0.91–1.74) | ||||
| Alcohol intake (units/day) | Non-drinker | 1 | Not in model | ||
| Ex-drinker | 1.00 (0.64–1.55) | 0.43 | |||
| Current ≤6 units/day | 0.88 (0.61–1.26) | ||||
| Heavy >6 units/day | 0.55 (0.24–1.26) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 15–18.4 | 0.95 (0.45–2.00) | 0.53 | Not in model | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 | ||||
| 25–29.9 | 0.90 (0.65–1.23) | ||||
| ≥30 | 1.14 (0.82–1.58) | ||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2): | ≤29 | 4.62 (3.06–6.99) | <0.0001 | 4.43 (3.03–6.46) | <0.0001 |
| 30–59 | 2.48 (1.84–3.33) | (<0.0001) | 2.21 (1.68–2.90) | (<0.0001) | |
| ≥60 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Proteinuria | 1.23 (0.95–1.59) | 0.12 | 1.22 (0.96–1.56) | 0.10 | |
| Hypertension | 1.27 (0.93–1.73) | 0.13 | 1.17 (0.89–1.55) | 0.26 | |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 0.86 | 0.97 (0.73–1.29) | 0.83 | |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.76 (0.58–1.00) | 0.04 | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) | 0.03 | |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.90 (0.68–1.20) | 0.47 | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | 0.74 | |
| Dementia | 1.17 (0.73–1.88) | 0.53 | 1.10 (0.73–1.67) | 0.65 | |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.79 (0.58–1.07) | 0.12 | 0.90 (0.68–1.18) | 0.43 | |
| Cancer | 0.76 (0.54–1.07) | 0.11 | 0.73 (0.53–1.01) | 0.05 | |
| Connective tissue diseases | 0.66 (0.40–1.08) | 0.08 | 0.68 (0.43–1.07) | 0.08 | |
| Either ACEI/ARBs | 1.59 (1.19–2.13) | 0.002 | 1.66 (1.27–2.17) | 0.0001 | |
| HBA1C levels | Good <7% | 1 | Not in model | ||
| Borderline 7–10% | 0.82 (0.62–1.09) | 0.38 | |||
| High >7% | 0.82 (0.43–1.54) | ||||
| Medication diabetes | None | 1 | 1 | ||
| Oral | 1.05 (0.75–1.46) | 0.05 | 1.00 (0.74–1.33) | 0.08 | |
| Insulin | 2.27 (1.27–4.05) | 1.89 (1.14–3.11) | |||
| Both | 1.11 (0.72–1.71) | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | |||
| Study period | April 2004–September 2007 | 1 | <0.0001 | 1 | <0.0001 |
| October 2007–March 2011 | 2.90 (2.14–3.95) | (<0.0001) | 2.94 (2.22–3.89) | (<0.0001) | |
aadjusted for age, sex, study period, smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, comorbidities, medications and glycated-haemoglobin levels badjusted for all variables in the table except smoking, alcohol intake, BMI and glycated haemoglobin levelsclikelihood ratio test PT P value for trend BMI body mass index eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers