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Glyoxalase pathway of living systems. The two-step glyoxalase pathway comprises glyoxalase I (GLYI) and glyoxalase II (GLYII) proteins, which catalyze the conversion of methylglyoxal (MG) into d-lactate using glutathione (GSH) as a cofactor, while glyoxalase III (GLYIII) proteins directly convert MG to d-lactate in a one-step reaction.
