Table 1.
Commercially available skin substitutes.
| Substitute Type | Product | Company | Components | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acellular | Alloderm® | LifeCell Inc., Branchburg, NJ, USA | Human acellular lyophilized dermis | [18,22,46,49,65] |
| SureDerm | HANS BIOMED Corporation, Daejeon, Korea | Human acellular lyophilized dermis | - | |
| OASIS Wound Matrix | Cook Biotech Inc., West Lafayette, IN, USA | Porcine acellular lyophilized small intestine submucosa | [66] | |
| Biobrane® | Mylan Bertek Pharmaceuticals, USA | Ultrathin silicone as epidermal analog film and 3D nylon filament as dermal analog with type I collagen peptides | [46,49,55] | |
| Integra® DRT (dermal regeneration template) | Integra® LifeSciences Corp., USA | Dermal analog—bovine collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate GAG; epidermal analog—silicone polymer polysiloxane | [18,46,49,55] | |
| Epidermal | ||||
| Autologous | EpiDex | Modex Therapeutiques, Lausanne, Switzerland | Cultured keratinocytes from outer root sheath of scalp hair follicles (confluent cell sheet) | [67] |
| EPIBASE | Laboratoires Genevrier, Antibes, France | Cultured keratinocytes (confluent cell sheet) | - | |
| MySkin | CellTran Ltd., UK | Cultured keratinocytes (subconfluent cell sheet) silicone support layer with a specially formulated surface coating | [68] | |
| Bioseed-S | BioTissue Technologies GmbH, Germany | Cultured keratinocytes (subconfluent cell suspension) fibrin sealant | [69] | |
| CellSpray | Clinical Cell Culture (C3), Australia | Non-/cultured keratinocytes (subconfluent cell suspension) | [70,71,72] | |
| Epicel® | Genzyme Biosurgery, USA | Sheets of autologous keratinocytes attached to petrolatum gauze support | [73] | |
| Laserskin® or Vivoderm | Fidia Advanced Biopolymers Srl, Italy | Autologous keratinocytes and fibroblasts, grown on microperforated hyaluronic acid membranes | [74] | |
| Autoderm (Autologous Inferior Dermal Sling) | XCELLentis NV, Belgium | Cultured keratinocytes | [75] | |
| TransDerm | XCELLentis NV, Belgium | Cultured keratinocytes | [75] | |
| Lyphoderm | XCELLentis NV, Belgium | Lyophilized neonatal keratinocytes | [76] | |
| Cryoceal | XCELLentis NV, Belgium | Cryopreserved keratinocytes | [77] | |
| Dermal | ||||
| Autologous | denovoDerm™ | EUROSKINGRAFT, Switzerland | Autologous dermal substitute | [78] |
| Pelnac Standard/Fortified | Gunze Ltd., Japan | Porcine tendon derived atelocollagen type I, sponge layer with silicone film | - | |
| Hyalomatrix PA | Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Italy | HYAFF (an ester of hyaluronic acid) layered on silicone membrane | - | |
| Hyalograft 3D | Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Italy | Cultured fibroblasts hyaluronic acid membrane (HAM) | [79,80] | |
| Allogenic | Dermagraft® | Advanced BioHealing, Inc., USA | Bioabsorbable polygalactin mesh matrix seeded with human neonatal fibroblasts and cryopreserved | [78] |
| TransCyte® | Advanced BioHealing, Inc., USA | Collagen-coated nylon mesh seeded with allogenic neonatal human foreskin fibroblasts | [81] | |
| Terudermis | Olympus Terumo Biomaterial Corp., Japan | Silicone, bovine lyophilized crosslinked collagen sponge made of heat-denatured collagen | [82] | |
| Cyzact (ICX-PRO) | Intercytex, St John’s Innovation Center, UK | Cultured allogeneic human dermal fibroblasts embedded in a human fibrin gel matrix | - | |
| ICX-SKN skin graft replacement | Intercytex, St John’s Innovation Center, UK | Cultured dermal fibroblasts natural human collagen matrix | - | |
| Polycaprolactone collagen nanofibrous membrane | National University of Singapore, Singapore | Cultured dermal fibroblasts polycaprolactone-blended collagen electrospun nanofibrous membrane | [83] | |
| Tegaderm-nanofibre construct | National University of Singapore, Singapore | Cultured dermal fibroblasts poly(e -caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffold electrospun on polyurethane dressing | - | |
| Collagen–glycosaminoglycan–chitosan dermal matrix seeded with fibroblasts | INSERM, France | Cultured dermal fibroblasts bovine collagen I/chondroitin-4/6-sulfate/chitosan lyophilized dermal matrix | [46,49,55] | |
| Human hair keratincollagen sponge | Southern Medical University, China | Cryomilled porcine acellular diisocyanite cross-linked dermis | - | |
| Hyaluronan-FNfds hydrogel matrix | SUNY at Stony Brook, USA | Hyaluronan coupled with fibronectin functional domains | [84] | |
| Composite nano-titanium oxide–chitosan artificial skin (NTCAS) | Cardinal Tien College of Healthcare and Management, Taiwan | Composite nano-titanium oxide–chitosan with gelatin and hyaluronic acid | - | |
| Xenogeneic | Permacol Surgical Implant | Tissue Science Laboratories plc, UK | Porcine acellular diisocyanite crosslinked dermis | [79,85] |
| Matriderm | Dr Suwelack Skin and HealthCare AG, Germany | Bovine non-cross-linked lyophilized dermis, coated with a-elastin hydrolysate | [79,85] | |
| EZ DermTM | Brennen Medical Inc., USA | Porcine aldehyde cross-linked reconstituted dermal collagen | [18] | |
| Bovine collagen cross-linked with microbial transglutaminase | National University of Ireland, Ireland | Freeze-dried bovine collagen scaffold cross-linked with microbial transglutaminase | [86,87,88] | |
| Collatamp | SYNTACOLL AG, Switzerland | Multilayer bovine collagen matrix | - | |
| Synthetic | Hybrid nanofibrous PLGA/chitosan membrane | Tianjin University, China | PLGA/chitosan hybrid electrospun nanofibrous membrane | [83,89] |
| Biodegradable polyurethane microfibers | University of Delaware, USA | Biodegradable polyurethane microfibres | [90] | |
| Epidermal/Dermal (Composite) | ||||
| Autologous | Permaderm™ (Cincinnati Shriners Skin Substitute) | Regeninic Inc.USA | Autologous fibroblasts and keratinocytes in culture with bovine collagen and GAG substrates | [78] |
| Tiscover™ (A-Skin) | Advanced Tissue Medicinal Product, Netherlands | Autologous full thickness cultured skin | [78] | |
| denovoSkin™ | EUROSKINGRAFT, Univ. of Zurich, Switzerland | Autologous full thickness substitute consisting of dermal and epidermal layers | [78] | |
| PolyActive | HC Implants BV, Netherlands | Cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts polyethylene oxide terephthalate (PEO)/polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) | [91] | |
| TissueTech Autograft System (Laserskin and Hyalograft 3D) | Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Italy | Cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts microperforated hyaluronic acid membrane (HAM) | [74,79] | |
| Allogenic | Apligraf® | Organogenesis Inc., USA | Bovine collagen matrix seeded with neonatal foreskin fibroblasts and keratinocytes | [19,63,92,93] |
| OrCel® | Ortec International Inc., USA | Type I collagen matrix seeded with neonatal foreskin fibroblasts and keratinocytes | [86,87,88] | |
| Karoskin (Karocells) | Karocell Tissue Engineering AB, Sweden | Native human cadaver skin with dermal and epidermal cells | [55] | |
| CeladermTM | Celadon Science LLC, USA | Sheets of cells derived from neonatal (allogenic) foreskin | [19,63,92,93] | |
| StrataGraft™ | Stratatech Corporation, USA | Full thickness skin substitute with dermal and fully differentiated epidermal layers | [79,94,95,96] | |
| AcuDress | DFB Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA | Cultured keratinocytes fibrin substrate | - | |
| Allox | DFB Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA | Sprayed suspension of allogeneic keratinocytes and fibroblasts in fibrin substrate | - | |
| Xenogeneic | Oasis® | Healthpoint Biotherapeutics, USA | Intact matrix from porcine small-intestine submucosa and intended for wound closure stimulation in acute, chronic and burns wounds | [79,85] |