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GA inhibits NF-κB and MAPK pathways through AMPK activation in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were pre-treated with 12.5 μM CC for 1 h, followed by GA (20 μg/mL) treatment for 1 h, and LPS (500 ng/mL) stimulation for 0 min (A) or 30 min (B) subsequently. Total cellular proteins were obtained and subjected to Western blotting to detect the phosphorylation of AMPK, ERK, and p38 and the degradation of IκB. CC, compound C.
