SENP1 over-expression decreases TGF-β/SMADs signals and promotes EMT of LNCaP cells. (A–C) SENP1 over-expression inhibits SMAD4 protein expression in LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells were infected with 10 MOI Ad5/F11p.SENP1 or Ad5/F11p.Null. At 24 h, 36 h and 48 h after infection, cells were collected and protein expression of SENP1 and SMAD4 was detected by Western-blotting (A), and the corresponding semi-quantitative results were shown in B and C respectively; (D) SENP1 increases SMAD4 mRNA expression in LNCaP cells. At 24 h, 36 h and 48 h after infection with adenoviruses, cells were collected, and SMAD4 mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR, and normalized by its expression in normal cultured LNCaP cells; (E,F) SENP1 reduces E-cadherin expression and promotes vimentin expression in LNCaP cells. 48 h after transduction with Ad5/F11p.SENP1 or Ad5/F11p.Null, the protein expression of E-cadherin (E) and vimentin (F) was detected by Western-blotting, and the semi-quantitative data are shown. All the data were obtained from at least three independent experiments, and are shown as mean ± s.e.m. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, vs. Ad5/F11p.Null group; ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, vs. Ad5/F11p.Null group at the same time point.