Table 1.

Effects of dietary fat interventions or lipid treatment on skeletal muscle nuclear-encoded mitochondrial gene (NEMG) or protein expression and mitochondrial function and number. ↑indicates an increase and ↓ indicates a decrease in respective measured outcomes.

Study	Model	% Dietary Fat or Lipid Treatment	Duration of Treatment	Findings
Boyle et al. (2010) [73]	Human	65% kcal	Single meal for 5 days	↑ Ppar-α, Pdk-4, Pgc-1α in lean subjects
De Wilde et al. (2007) [78]	C57BL/6J mice	45% kcal	3 days; 28 days	↑ Oxphos and β-oxidation gene expression after 3 days; not observed after 28 days
Garcia-Roves et al. (2007) [79]	Wistar rats	60% kcal	28 days	↑ Ppar-α, CPT-1; ↑ respiratory chain enzymes; ↑ mtDNA copy number
Henagan et al. (2015) [76]	C57BL/6J mice	65% kcal	10 weeks	↓ Ppar-γ, Pgc-1α and markers of type I oxidative fibers; ↑ incomplete β-oxidation
Iossa et al. (2002) [74]	Wistar rats	50% kcal	15 days	↑ oxidative capacity
Jorgensen et al. (2015) [81]	Wistar rats	60% kcal	1 year	↑ fasting insulin and HOMA-IR index; ↓ skeletal muscle mitochondrial function
Koves et al. (2008) [82]	Wistar rats	45% kcal	12 weeks	↓ TCA cycle intermediates (malate, citrate); ↑ incomplete β-oxidation
Sparks et al. (2005) [75]	C57BL/6J mice	45% kcal	3 weeks	↓ Pgc-1α, Pgc-1β mRNA and Cyt. c protein
Stewart et al. (2009) [83]	C57BL/6J mice	45% kcal	8 weeks	↑ incomplete β-oxidation in skeletal muscle
Yuzefovych et al. (2010) [80]	L6 myotubes	Palmitate vs. oleate vs. palmitate/oleate	24 h treatment	Palmitate-only ↑ ROS, ↓ TFAM protein levels, ↓ PGC-1α activity