Table 7.
In vivo studies against diseases of the blood and immune system.
| Origin | Extraction Method | Subject | Treatment | Main Results | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria | Maceration with agitation in EtOH:H2O 80% (v/v) (24 h) | Wistar rats | T. b. brucei/no infected | Treatment (1–7 days) at 150 mg/kg: ↑ Hb (6.5 to 10.7 g/dL), PCV (28.6 to 34.4%), RBCC (4.1 to 5.0 × 1012/L), MCV (53.6 to 64.3 fL), and MCHC (21.4 to 31.4 g/dL); ↓ WBC (23.2 to 19.4 × 109/dL) and neutrophil levels (28.9 to 27.3 × 103/mL).Compared to no infected subjects: similar values that obtained in treated-infected animals but with opposite conclusions. | [105] |
| Nigeria | Extraction in chloroform (24 h) | Mice | No infected | Treatment (28 days) at 45.9 mg/mL: no differences in Hb (12 to 11 g/dL), PCV (37 to 35%), RBCC (6.1 to 5.1 × 106/L), and MCHC (33 to 32 g/dL), and neutrophil levels (13 to 12%); ↑ lymphocyte levels (85 to 92%) and MCV (61 to 69 fL). | [106] |
| Korea | Extraction in EtOH:H2O 55% (v/v) (4.9 h, 47 °C) | Sprague-Dawley rats and mice | Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced hyperalgesia/LPS-induced endotoxic shock | At 400 mg/kg: PWL restored; ↑ 67% survival rate (72 h) by ↓ TNF-α (500 to 325 pg/mL) and IL-6 (80 to 58 ng/mL). | [50] |
| Brazil | Turbo-extraction in water and acetone: H2O 70% (v/v) (20 min) | Swiss mice | Carrageenan-induced peritonitis, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and hot plate test | At 50mg/kg: number of leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity H2O < H2O -acetone extract. No central analgesic activity. Peripheral analgesic activity: ↓ number writhing response (from 50 to 15 count). | [19] |
| India | Maceration in EtOH (7 days) | Wistar rats | Acetic acid-induced writhing | At 2 mg/kg ↓ 66% number writhing response (from 67 to 54 count). Comparable to diclofenac sodium (75%). | [107] |
| India | Distillation with MeOH and H2O | Wistar rats | Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate test | At 10 and 30 mg/kg ↓ responses time (at 9.4 and 10.6 s) compared to the analgesic drug Pentazocine (14 s). | [108] |
Hemoglobin (Hb); interleukin-6 (IL-6); lipopolysaccharide (LPS); mean concentration hemoglobin count (MCHC); mean corpuscular volume (MCV); packed cell volume (PCV); paw withdrawal latency (PWL); red-blood cell counts (RBCC); tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); white-blood cell (WBC); ↑ increases the affect; ↓ decreases the effect.