| Immunologic Effects |
Immunosuppression results from inhibition of antibody mediated immunity, cellular immune responses, reduction in cytokine expression, phagocytic activity, and natural killer cell activity |
| Hormonal Effects |
Decreases testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, luteinizing hormone, gonadotropic releasing hormone, low bone mineral density |
| Hyperalgesia |
Mechanism under investigation, sensitization and increasing pain despite increased opioid doses |
| Sleep Disturbance |
Decreases total sleep time, increased number of sleep-wake states, decreases sleep efficiency, delta sleep, and rapid –eye-movement (REM) sleep |
