TABLE 2.

Frequencies of Maternal Medical Conditions and Associations with Maternal Vascular Malperfusion

Medical Conditions	MVM	Model 1^a Unadjusted	Model 2^a Adjusted^b
	n/N (%)	OR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)
Total	1,228/3,074 (39.9)

Hypertensive Disorder^c
No	867/2,384 (36.4)	ref	ref
Yes	361/690 (52.3)	1.92^ (1.62–2.28)**	2.08^ (1.74–2.50)**

Diabetes
No	1,075/2,710 (39.7)	ref	ref
GDM/DM	153/364 (42.0)	1.10 (0.88–1.38)	1.00 (0.79–1.26)

BMI categories^d
Underweight (<18.5)	46/129 (35.7)	0.84 (0.57–1.22)	0.89 (0.60–1.31)
Normal (18.5–24.9)	527/1,322 (39.9)	ref	ref
Overweight (25–29.9)	327/779 (42.0)	1.09 (0.91–1.31)	1.05 (0.87–1.26)
Obese (≥30)	261/625 (41.8)	1.08 (0.89–1.31)	0.98 (0.79–1.20)

Abbreviations: n, number of placenta with MVM; N, number of sample for each exposure level; OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95%CI, 95% confidence interval; ref, reference; GDM/DM, gestational diabetes/pre-gestational diabetes; BMI, body mass index.

Significant associations (p-value<0.05) denoted with boldface type.

p<0.05

^**

p<0.01

Models 1 and 2 were performed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, respectively.

Model 2 is adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, parity, gestational age, smoking, alcohol use and other chronic conditions (if diabetes, adjusted for hypertensive disorder and BMI categories; if hypertensive disorder, adjusted for diabetes and BMI categories; if obesity by BMI categories, adjusted for diabetes and hypertensive disorder).

Hypertensive Disorder includes chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome.

Total sample for BMI Model 1 and Model 2 is 2,855.