Table 1. Model results describing neighborhood adversity as a qualifier of parenting effects on problem behavior trajectories.
| Internalizing model Coefficient (SE) | Externalizing model Coefficient (SE) | |
|---|---|---|
| Father report on parenting styles | ||
| Within-neighborhood | ||
| 5th grade level | ||
| Youth gender | -.42 (.49) | 1.53 (.46)*** |
| Youth nativity | .28 (.56) | .11 (.43) |
| Family income | -.05 (.07) | .10 (.04)* |
| Reduced involvement | 1.53 (.48)** | 1.55 (.50)** |
| Linear slope | ||
| Youth gender | -.20 (.13) | -.31 (.12)** |
| Youth nativity | -.11 (.14) | .12 (.12) |
| Family income | .02 (.02) | .00 (.01) |
| Reduced involvement | -.23 (.14) | -- |
| Between-neighborhood | ||
| Avg. 5th grade level | ||
| Intercept | 8.25 (.31)*** | 3.40 (.30)*** |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | -.18 (.08)* | -.02 (.05) |
| Residual variance | .72 (2.31) | .11 (.77) |
| Avg. linear slope | ||
| Intercept | -.17 (.10)† | .26 (.07)*** |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | .04 (.03) | .03 (.02)† |
| Residual variance | .07 (.05) | .03 (.03) |
| Avg. reduced involvement effect on 5th grade level | ||
| Intercept | -- | -- |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | -- | -- |
| Residual variance | -- | -- |
| Avg. reduced involvement effect on linear slope | ||
| Intercept | -- | -.08 (.13) |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | -- | -.10 (.03)*** |
| Residual variance | -- | .06 (.07) |
| Youth report on father parenting styles | ||
| Within-neighborhood | ||
| 5th grade level | ||
| Youth gender | -.29 (.52) | 1.32 (.48)** |
| Youth nativity | .51 (.57) | .06 (.40) |
| Family income | -.05 (.06) | .08 (.04)† |
| Reduced involvement | 1.86 (.60)** | 1.32 (.56)* |
| No-nonsense | -- | .75 (.58) |
| Linear slope | ||
| Youth gender | -.28 (.13)* | -.32 (.11)** |
| Youth nativity | -.19 (.15) | .11 (.12) |
| Family income | .02 (.02) | .00 (.01) |
| Reduced involvement | -.13 (.18) | -- |
| No-nonsense | -- | .15 (.17) |
| Between-neighborhood | ||
| Avg. 5th grade level | ||
| Intercept | 8.12 (.36)*** | 3.80 (.29)*** |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | -.23 (.10)* | .00 (.06) |
| Residual variance | .01 (1.91) | .13 (.58) |
| Avg. linear slope | ||
| Intercept | -.13 (.11) | .21 (.07)*** |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | .05 (.03) | .01 (.02) |
| Residual variance | .003 (.06) | .03 (.03) |
| Avg. reduced involvement effect on 5th grade level | ||
| Intercept | -- | -- |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | -- | -- |
| Residual variance | -- | -- |
| Avg. no-nonsense effect on 5th grade level | ||
| Intercept | 1.78 (.81)* | -- |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | .71 (.34)* | -- |
| Residual variance | 3.69 (6.36) | -- |
| Average reduced involvement effect on linear slope | ||
| Intercept | -- | -.09 (.15) |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | -- | -.08 (.04)* |
| Residual variance | -- | .06 (.07) |
| Average no-nonsense effect on linear slope | ||
| Intercept | -.11 (.17) | -- |
| 5th grade neighborhood adversity | -.19 (.07)** | -- |
| Residual variance | .02 (.23) | -- |
Note. N = 462.
p < .10;
p ≤ .05;
p ≤ .01;
p ≤ .001.
Youth gender was coded 0 = female, 1 = male; youth nativity was coded 0 = US-born, 1 = Mexico-born. Reduced involvement was coded 0 = other parenting styles, 1 = reduced involvement style; no-nonsense was coded 0 = other parenting styles, 1 = no-nonsense style; the reference group, authoritative style, gets a score of zero on both dummy variables. Effects of parenting dummy variable on the intercept or slope term that were not significantly moderated by neighborhood adversity and did not have significant residual variances across neighborhoods were fixed to be the same across neighborhoods. Such effects were instead estimated at the within-neighborhood level, and had no average effects estimated at the between-neighborhood level.