Table 2.
Baseline step counts, carotid femoral pulse wave velocity and cardiometabolic and anthropometric measures
| Mean (SD) | Active arm N = 174 | Control arm N = 173 |
|---|---|---|
| Steps/day | 4550 (2230) | 5000 (2360) |
| Carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, m/s | 9.8 (2.4) | 9.8 (2.1) |
| Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 124 (15.8)/76 (10.7) | 124 (13.2)/76 (9.5) |
| Heart rate, bpm | 72 (12.4) | 73 (11.9) |
| Glucose control and insulin resistance | ||
| Hemoglobin A1c (all type 2 diabetes), % | 7.6 (1.3) | 7.7 (1.3) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | ||
| Type 2 diabetes; not on insulin1 | 8.2 (2.5) | 7.4 (1.9) |
| No type 2 diabetes2 | 5.6 (0.84) | 5.5 (0.95) |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | ||
| Type 2 diabetes; not on insulin1 | 79.0 (44.4) | 73.2 (52.0) |
| No type 2 diabetes2 | 72.1 (42.3) | 66.0 (39.0) |
| HOMA‐IR, mean3 (SD) | ||
| Type 2 diabetes; not on insulin1 | 4.88 (3.43) | 4.15 (3.52) |
| No type 2 diabetes2 | 3.05 (1.99) | 2.78 (1.94) |
| Lipid profile, mean (SD), mmol/L | ||
| Total cholesterol | 4.60 (1.37) | 4.49 (1.22) |
| HDL | 1.27 (0.34) | 1.26 (0.37) |
| LDL | 2.45 (1.0) | 2.34 (1.0) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.73 (3.01) | 1.64 (1.10) |
| Anthropometric measures | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31.7 (4.5) | 31.8 (4.5) |
| Weight, kg | 86.7 (15.7) | 87.5 (15.5) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 104.2 (10.8) | 104.1 (12.2) |
| Women | 102.0 (10.5) | 100.7 (10.9) |
| Men | 107.1 (10.6) | 107.8 (12.6) |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.94 (0.07) | 0.94 (0.08) |
| Women | 0.91 (0.06) | 0.89 (0.07) |
| Men | 0.99 (0.06) | 0.99 (0.06) |
There were 61 diabetes patients in the control arm and 72 in the active arm, in whom fasting insulin, glucose and HOMA‐IR were measured/computed. These were the individuals with type 2 diabetes who were not undergoing insulin therapy.
There were 74 individuals without diabetes in the control arm and 74 in the active arm; fasting insulin, glucose and HOMA‐IR were measured/computed in these individuals.
Mean HOMA‐IR was computed among patients not taking exogenous insulin.
Conversion factors: 1 mmol/L glucose = 18.02 mg/dL; 1 pmol/L insulin = 0.14 µIU/mL; 1 mmol/L HDL, LDL, or total cholesterol = 38.6 mg/dL; 1 mmol/L triglycerides = 88.5 mg/dL.