Table 3.
Changes in outcomes among participants who completed final evaluations
| Mean (95% CI) | Active arm | Control arm | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steps/day | 1220 (760, 1690) | 30 (−420, 480) | 1190 (550, 1840) |
| Carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, m/s | −0.17 (−0.50, 0.17) | 0.13 (−0.16, 0.42) | −0.30 (−0.74, 0.14) |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | |||
| Systolic | −2.23 (−4.64, 0.18) | 0.36 (−1.56, 2.29) | −2.59 (−5.66, 0.47) |
| Diastolic | −1.45 (−2.86, −0.04) | −0.24 (−1.42, 0.93) | −1.21 (−3.04, 0.62) |
| Heart rate, bpm | −0.16 (−1.65, 1.33) | 0.81 (−0.76, 2.4) | −0.97 (−3.13, 1.18) |
| Glycemic control and insulin resistance | |||
| A1c, % (in type 2 diabetes) | −0.20 (−0.46, 0.06) | 0.18 (−0.01, 0.86) | −0.38 (−0.69, −0.06) |
| In type 2 diabetes patients not on insulin and in participants without type 2 diabetes | |||
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | −2.15 (−8.61, 4.31) | 10.4 (0.81, 20.07) | −12.6 (−24.1, −1.1) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | −0.08 (−0.33, 0.18) | 0.43 (0.17,0.68) | −0.50 (−0.86, −0.15) |
| HOMA‐IR | −0.16 (−0.51, 0.18) | 0.8 (0.12, 1.48) | −0.96 (−1.72, −0.21) |
| Lipid profile, mmol/L | |||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | −0.13 (−0.28, 0.01) | −0.10 (−0.25,0.05) | −0.03 (−0.24, 0.18) |
| HDL, mmol/L | 0.01 (−0.02, 0.04) | 0 (−0.03, 0.03) | 0.01 (−0.03, 0.05) |
| LDL, mmol/L | −0.10 (−0.22, 0.03) | −0.08 (−0.19, 0.04) | −0.02 (−0.19, 0.15) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | −0.15 (−0.44, 0.3) | 0.02 (−0.09, 0.13) | −0.17 (−0.47, 0.12) |
| Anthropometric measures | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | −0.18 (−0.43, 0.07) | −0.03 (−0.23, 0.16) | −0.15 (−0.47, 0.17) |
| Weight, kg | −0.66 (−1.35, 0.03) | −0.11 (0.65, 0.42) | −0.55 (−1.41, 0.32) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.07 (−0.71, 1.14) | 0.22 (−0.85, 0.99) | −0.15 (−1.45, 1.15) |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.02, 0.01) |
Conversion factors: 1 mmol/L glucose = 18.02 mg/dL; 1 pmol/L insulin = 0.14 µIU/mL; 1 mmol/L HDL, LDL, or total cholesterol = 38.6 mg/dL; 1 mmol/L triglycerides = 88.5 mg/dL.