Fig 2. Forest plot for aggregated data meta-analysis of crude and adjusted hazard ratios for the association between different antimalarial exposure categories and miscarriage.

HRs account for pregnancy week under observation through left truncation and treat exposure as a time-dependent variable. I² values are for IPD from Africa only: ^a26.4%; ^b26.0%; ^c23.9%; ^d30.5%; ^e26.1%; ^f28.9%. Crude HRs are adjusted for clustering by site in the IPD arm. aHRs for IPD from Africa account for site, woman’s age, and gravidity. aHRs for the SMRU account for smoking, year of first consultation, gravidity, and non-malaria febrile morbidity in first trimester for the comparison with the unexposed group, while the comparison between the artemisinin and quinine groups accounts for infection severity (asymptomatic, symptomatic, hyperparasitemic/severe), year of first consultation, and non-malaria febrile morbidity in the first trimester. aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; HR, hazard ratio; IPD, individual patient data; SMRU, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit.