Table 1. Description of prospective cohort studies and data included in the African individual participant data meta-analysis and Asian aggregated data meta-analysis.
| Study | Study site | Study period | Mean gestational age at enrollment (SD) | Mean gestational weeks of follow-up (SD) | Number of confirmed first trimester artemisinin treatments | Number of confirmed first-trimester quinine treatments | Number with no antimalarials in first trimestera | Number of miscarriages | Number of stillbirths | Number of live births |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | ||||||||||
| Manyando et al. [36] | Zambia | 2004–2008 | 25.1 (8.1) | 13.7 (8.1) | 179 | 4 | 632 | 9 | 17 | 754 |
| Rulisa et al. [38] | Rwanda | 2007–2009 | 26.9 (8.0) | 11.4 (7.6) | 77 | 0 | 1,515 | 12 | 47 | 1,533 |
| Mosha et al. [37] | Tanzania | 2012–2013 | 14.6 (3.5) | 20.1 (11.1) | 156 | 69 | 1,533 | 41 | 61 | 1,656 |
| Dellicour et al. [30]; Tinto et al [35] | Kenyab | 2011–2013 | 15.5 (8.9) | 20.4 (10.7) | 64 | 3 | 993 | 62 | 23 | 880 |
| Tinto et al. [35] | Mozambiqueb | 2011–2013 | 21.0 (5.7) | 17.8 (10.3) | 24 | 5 | 721 | 13 | 19 | 691 |
| Tinto et al. [35] | Burkina Fasob | 2011–2013 | 23.2 (6.8) | 14.6 (6.3) | 34 | 24 | 632 | 6 | 13 | 671 |
| Total all IPD | 2004–2013 | 20.8 (8.7) | 15.1 (9.3) | 534c | 105 | 6,027 | 143 | 180 | 6,185 | |
| Asia | ||||||||||
| Moore [24] | Thailand–Myanmar border | 1994–2013 | 9.0 (2.6) | 183d | 842 | 22,927 | 2,257 | 185 | 18,537 | |
| Total all studies | Africa and Asia | 1994–2013 | 11.5 (3.5) | 717 | 947 | 28,954 | 2,400 | 365 | 24,722 |
All women were recruited prospectively before pregnancy outcome was known, but a combination of prospective and retrospective approaches were used to assess antimalarial exposure information. The numbers represent the total number of enrolled pregnancies; however, varying inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied for the analyses of the various outcomes, and the numbers vary accordingly.
aUnexposed to any antimalarial up to gestational week 18 for the African sites and up to gestational week 14 for the Thailand–Myanmar border.
bThese three sites were part of a multicenter study, the ASAP study, coordinated by the Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium, using a standard protocol and with a planned IPD analysis.
cArtemisinin treatment: 501 artemether-lumefantrine and 33 artesunate-amodiaquine (Burkina Faso).
dArtemisinin treatment: 71 mefloquine-artesunate, 50 artesunate-clindamycin, 49 artesunate monotherapy, 10 artemether-lumefantrine, and 3 dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine.
IPD, individual participant data; SD, standard deviation.