Table 3.
Concentrations of Urinary Hormones During the Different Diets
| Hormone | EB | Standard OF | High-CHO OF | High-Fat OF | Low-Protein OF | Fasting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UFC, µg/24h | 31.0 (20.9–37.7) | 32.9 (22.1–48.1) | 30.4 (22.2–40.4) | 32.5 (23.7–45.5) | 30.8 (25.3–36.4) | 30.6 (22.9–42.9) |
| Metanephrine, µg/24h | 124 (87–173) | 127 (86–166) | 104 (73–144) | 115 (89–174) | 98 (77–136)a,b | 120 (85–168) |
| Normetanephrine, µg/24h | 219 (159–305)b | 219 (172–297)b | 176 (127–252) | 235 (152–314)c | 207 (136–256) | 169 (126–208)a |
| Total metanephrine, µg/24h | 354 (267–460) | 343 (275–470) | 292 (203–366) | 365 (245–502) | 329 (223–392) | 309 (219–407) |
| Dopamine, µg/24h | 251 (191–322) | 256 (185–325)d | 219 (181–312) | 246 (170–295) | 228(163–283) | 215 (166–277) |
| Epinephrine, µg/24h | 4.2 (2.6–6.1)d | 3.6 (2.4–5.2)c | 3.6 (2.6–4.8)c | 3.4 (2.4–5.0)c | 3.4 (2.6–4.5)c,e | 5.3 (3.8–8.0)e |
| Norepinephrine, µg/24h | 24.9 (15.7–34.0) | 22.6 (17.7–32.8) | 22.3 (16.3–26.7) | 19.6 (13.1–29.1) | 25.4 (19.1–32.6) | 20.2 (15.4–27.9) |
Values are expressed as medians, with interquartile ranges in parentheses. In the analysis, n = 37 for UFC; n = 55 for all urinary catecholamines. Overfeeding (OF) diets, given for 24 hours and as 200% of energy requirements, had the following macronutrient compositions: standard diet included 50% carbohydrate (CHO), 30% fat, and 20% protein; high-CHO diet included 75% CHO, 5% fat, and 20% protein; high-fat diet included 20% CHO, 60% fat, and 20% protein; and low-protein diet included 51% CHO, 46% fat, and 3% protein. Urinary catecholamines were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography for epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry stable isotope dilution analysis for metanephrine, normetanephrine, and total metanephrine by the commercial Mayo Clinic laboratory. UFC was measured using an enzyme immunoassay kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Clinical Core Laboratory in Bethesda, MD.
Abbreviations: CHO, carbohydrate; OF, overfeeding.
P ≤ 0.01, compared with EB.
P ≤ 0.01, compared with fasting.
P < 0.0001, compared with fasting.
P < 0.001, when compared with fasting.
P < 0.001, when compared with EB.