. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016 Dec 29;26(5):769–778. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0748

Table 2.

Cancer risk for exclusive use of cigarettes compared to non-tobacco users

	Cigarette smoking status
	Ever smokers				Former smokers				Current smokers

Cancer site	Cases	HR¹	95% CI¹	P¹	Cases	HR¹	95% CI¹	P¹	Cases	HR¹	95% CI¹	P¹
Never used tobacco²	-	1.00	-	-	-	1.00	-	-	-	1.00	-	-
Total Cancers	2,746	1.51	1.39, 1.63	<0.0001	1,773	1.32	1.18, 1.47	<0.0001	973	1.71	1.54, 1.89	<0.0001
Smoking Cancers³	1,233	2.89	2.58, 3.25	<0.0001	681	2.28	1.94, 2.70	<0.0001	542	3.54	3.08,4.08	<0.0001
Lung	401	15.48	11.95, 20.06	<0.0001	139	9.30	6.56, 13.18	<0.0001	262	23.03	17.34, 30.59	<0.0001
Gastrointestinal⁴	428	1.64	1.33, 2.03	<0.0001	296	1.66	1.26, 2.18	0.0003	132	1.61	1.21, 2.14	0.001
Urinary⁵	223	2.30	1.74, 3.02	<0.0001	148	2.28	1.62, 3.22	<0.0001	75	2.24	1.55, 3.24	<0.0001
Head Neck⁶	88	2.47	1.55, 3.95	0.0002	43	1.18	0.50, 2.76	0.71	45	3.63	2.16, 6.12	<0.0001

	Cigarette smoking duration
	≤15 years				>15 years

	Cases	HR^1a	95% CI^1a	P^1a	Cases	HR^1a	95% CI^1a	P^1a

Never used tobacco²	-	1.00	-	-	-	1.00	-	-
Total Cancers	1063	1.33	0.78, 2.28	0.30	1,584	1.62	1.48, 1.78	<0.0001
Smoking Cancers³	355	2.23	0.89, 5.59	0.09	820	3.44	3.01, 3.93	<0.0001
Lung	49	21.56	2.80, 66.29	0.003	338	22.57	17.16, 29.69	<0.0001
Gastrointestinal⁴	170	1.27	1.06, 1.52	0.01	242	1.57	1.21, 2.03	0.001
Urinary⁵	67	3.38	0.70, 16.21	0.13	147	2.33	1.67, 3.26	<0.0001
Head Neck⁶	27	1.26	0.77, 2.04	0.36	54	3.38	2.04, 5.62	<0.0001

	Cigarettes smoked per day
	≤15 per day				> 15 per day

	Cases	HR^1b	95% CI^1b	P^1b	Cases	HR^1b	95% CI^1b	P^1b

Never used tobacco²	-	1.00	-	-	-	1.00	-	-
Total Cancers	1818	1.58	1.37, 1.82	<0.0001	841	1.71	1.52, 1.92	<0.0001
Smoking Cancers³	744	3.61	2.99, 4.36	<0.0001	437	3.67	3.11, 4.32	<0.0001
Lung	208	22.49	16.10, 31.40	<0.0001	182	29.25	21.25, 40.26	<0.0001
Gastrointestinal⁴	288	1.49	1.00, 2.22	0.05	128	1.79	1.30, 2.46	0.0004
Urinary⁵	129	2.74	1.74, 4.31	<0.0001	83	2.12	1.35, 3.34	0.001
Head Neck⁶	58	3.66	1.63, 8.18	0.002	77	3.38	1.86, 6.15	<0.0001

Adjusted for age, gender, race, state of residence, education, alcohol frequency, cigarettes per day, years smoked cigarettes

^1a

Adjusted for age, gender, race, state of residence, education, alcohol frequency, cigarettes per day

^1b

Adjusted for age, gender, race, state of residence, education, alcohol frequency, years smoked cigarettes

Reference group: n=41,026 controls

Bladder, colon, cervix, esophagus, kidney, larynx, lip, liver, lung, myeloid leukemia, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pancreas, pharynx, rectum, stomach, tongue, ureter, uterine

⁴

Colon, esophagus, liver, pancreas, rectum, stomach

⁵

Bladder, kidney, ureter

⁶

Larynx, lip, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pharynx, tongue