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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016 Dec 29;26(5):769–778. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0748

Table 3.

Cancer risk for exclusive use of non-cigarette combustible tobacco products compared to non-tobacco users

Non-cigarette combustible1 Cigar Cigarillo Pipe
Cancer site Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2 Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2 Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2 Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2
Never used tobacco3 - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - -
Total Cancers 121 1.32 1.10, 1.59 0.003 76 1.51 1.20, 1.90 0.001 5 1.44 0.60, 3.48 0.41 28 1.13 0.78, 1.64 0.53
Smoking Cancers4 40 1.68 1.21, 2.32 0.002 24 1.87 1.24, 2.82 0.003 3 - - - 11 1.67 0.92, 3.04 0.09
Lung 7 3.44 1.53, 7.71 0.003 3 - - - 0 - - - 3 - - -
Gastrointestinal5 18 1.51 0.94, 2.45 0.09 10 1.58 0.84, 2.98 0.15 2 - - - 5 1.52 0.63, 3.69 0.36
Urinary6 11 1.66 0.89, 3.08 0.11 9 2.50 1.27, 4.93 0.01 0 - - - 2 - - -
Head Neck7 3 - - - 2 - - - 1 - - - 0 - - -
1

Ever use of cigars, cigarillos and/or pipes

2

Adjusted for age, gender, race, state of residence, education, alcohol frequency

3

Reference group: n=41,026 controls

4

Bladder, colon, cervix, esophagus, kidney, larynx, lip, liver, lung, myeloid leukemia, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pancreas, pharynx, rectum, stomach, tongue, ureter, uterine

5

Colon, esophagus, liver, pancreas, rectum, stomach

6

Bladder, kidney, ureter

7

Larynx, lip, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pharynx, tongue