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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016 Dec 29;26(5):769–778. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0748

Table 4.

Cancer risk for exclusive use of smokeless tobacco compared to non-tobacco users

Smokeless tobacco1 Chewing tobacco Snuff
Cancer site Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2 Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2 Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2
Never used tobacco3 - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - -
Total Cancers 228 0.97 0.85, 1.12 0.71 175 1.02 0.87, 1.20 0.78 44 0.92 0.68, 1.25 0.58
Smoking Cancers4 79 1.27 1.00, 1.62 0.05 58 1.29 0.98, 1.71 0.07 18 1.34 0.83, 2.17 0.24
Lung 10 2.21 1.11, 4.42 0.02 7 2.20 0.98, 4.97 0.06 3 - - -
Gastrointestinal5 41 1.38 1.00, 1.92 0.05 27 1.25 0.83, 1.86 0.28 13 2.09 1.20, 3.64 0.01
Urinary6 15 0.87 0.49, 1.54 0.63 12 0.97 0.52, 1.81 0.93 1 - - -
Head Neck7 9 1.54 0.72, 3.3 0.26 9 2.08 0.97, 4.47 0.06 0 - - -
1

Ever use of chewing tobacco and/or snuff

2

Adjusted for age, gender, race, state of residence, education, alcohol frequency

3

Reference group: n=41,026 controls

4

Bladder, colon, cervix, esophagus, kidney, larynx, lip, liver, lung, myeloid leukemia, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pancreas, pharynx, rectum, stomach, tongue, ureter, uterine

5

Colon, esophagus, liver, pancreas, rectum, stomach

6

Bladder, kidney, ureter

7

Larynx, lip, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pharynx, tongue