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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016 Dec 29;26(5):769–778. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-0748

Table 5.

Cancer risk for dual tobacco use1 compared to exclusive cigarette use

Cigarette Smoking Status
Ever Former Current
Cancer site Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2 Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2 Cases HR2 95% CI2 P2
Exclusive Cigarette
Smokers3 - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - - - 1.00 - -
Cigarette-Other Combustible Tobacco4
  Total Cancers 1,090 1.08 1.00, 1.17 0.06 758 1.08 0.98, 1.19 0.11 332 1.09 0.95, 1.24 0.26
  Smoking Cancers6 533 1.16 1.04, 1.30 0.01 325 1.15 0.99, 1.33 0.07 208 1.18 1.00, 1.42 0.06
  Lung 195 1.32 1.09, 1.60 0.01 104 1.68 1.25, 2.25 0.001 91 1.09 0.84, 1.42 0.51
  Gastrointestinal7 185 1.12 0.92, 1.36 0.25 121 0.98 0.77, 1.24 0.86 64 1.53 1.10, 2.14 0.01
  Urinary8 98 1.07 0.82, 1.39 0.63 69 1.03 0.75, 1.40 0.92 29 1.09 0.69, 1.74 0.71
  Head Neck9 39 1.27 0.84, 1.92 0.26 20 1.39 0.75, 2.57 0.29 19 1.20 0.68, 2.10 0.54
Cigarette-Cigar
  Total Cancers 293 1.03 0.90, 1.17 0.71 204 0.98 0.83, 1.16 0.85 89 1.14 0.90, 1.43 0.29
  Smoking Cancers6 143 1.11 0.92, 1.34 0.29 85 0.99 0.77, 1.28 0.96 58 1.30 0.98, 1.74 0.08
  Lung 49 1.26 0.91, 1.74 0.17 26 1.44 0.89, 2.33 0.14 23 1.13 0.73, 1.77 0.59
  Gastrointestinal7 62 1.27 0.95, 1.70 0.11 42 1.06 0.74, 1.52 0.74 20 2.03 1.23, 3.38 0.01
  Urinary8 23 0.85 0.53, 1.38 0.51 11 0.55 0.28, 1.09 0.09 12 1.48 0.73, 2.96 0.26
  Head Neck9 7 0.70 0.30, 1.64 0.41 4 0.74 0.22, 2.47 0.62 3 - - -
Cigarette-Cigarillo
  Total Cancers 422 1.15 1.03, 1.28 0.01 230 1.20 1.03, 1.39 0.02 192 1.09 0.93, 1.29 0.29
  Smoking Cancers6 226 1.28 1.09, 1.49 0.002 110 1.41 1.13, 1.76 0.002 116 1.17 0.94, 1.45 0.16
  Lung 86 1.29 1.00, 1.66 0.05 35 1.84 1.21, 2.79 0.004 51 1.08 0.78, 1.50 0.63
  Gastrointestinal7 80 1.39 1.07, 1.80 0.01 44 1.36 0.97, 1.91 0.07 36 1.47 0.98, 2.23 0.06
  Urinary8 31 1.02 0.68, 1.52 0.93 18 1.06 0.63, 1.80 0.82 13 0.94 0.51, 1.72 0.84
  Head Neck9 18 1.48 0.87, 2.51 0.15 5 1.53 0.58, 4.00 0.40 13 1.50 0.78, 2.81 0.22
Cigarette-Pipe
  Total Cancers 196 1.11 0.95, 1.30 0.19 170 1.15 0.97, 1.36 0.11 26 0.94 0.62, 1.41 0.75
  Smoking Cancers6 88 1.14 0.90, 1.44 0.29 75 1.23 0.95, 1.60 0.12 13 0.75 0.41, 1.37 0.34
  Lung 33 1.56 1.05, 2.33 0.03 26 2.21 1.38, 3.53 0.001 7 0.70 0.29, 1.72 0.44
  Gastrointestinal7 18 0.59 0.35, 0.97 0.04 16 0.59 0.34, 1.01 0.05 2 - - -
  Urinary8 27 1.52 0.98, 2.34 0.06 26 1.61 1.02, 2.53 0.04 1 - - -
  Head Neck9 8 1.75 0.82, 3.73 0.15 6 1.81 0.73, 4.49 0.20 2 - - -
Cigarette-Smokeless Tobacco5
  Total Cancers 493 0.97 0.87, 1.08 0.59 417 1.01 0.89, 1.13 0.92 76 0.82 0.64, 1.05 0.11
  Smoking Cancers6 209 0.94 0.80, 1.11 0.48 166 0.99 0.82, 1.20 0.92 43 0.82 0.59, 1.14 0.23
  Lung 54 0.80 0.57, 1.11 0.17 40 1.00 0.66, 1.50 0.88 14 0.50 0.27, 0.92 0.03
  Gastrointestinal7 90 1.04 0.80, 1.34 0.79 75 0.99 0.75, 1.32 0.90 15 1.19 0.70, 2.09 0.54
  Urinary8 46 1.09 0.78, 1.55 0.63 38 1.17 0.79, 1.75 0.67 8 0.96 0.45, 2.05 0.92
  Head Neck9 15 0.88 0.47, 1.62 0.67 9 0.73 0.31, 1.73 0.48 6 1.08 0.44, 2.61 0.87
Cigarette-Chewing Tobacco
  Total Cancers 381 0.98 0.87, 1.11 0.77 323 1.03 0.90, 1.18 0.68 58 0.79 0.59, 1.04 0.10
  Smoking Cancers6 169 0.96 0.80, 1.15 0.65 136 1.04 0.84, 1.29 0.73 33 0.76 0.52, 1.12 0.19
  Lung 45 0.81 0.56, 1.16 0.24 35 1.11 0.71, 1.72 0.65 10 0.41 0.19, 0.87 0.02
  Gastrointestinal7 73 1.08 0.82, 1.44 0.58 61 1.05 0.76, 1.45 0.76 12 1.18 0.63, 2.19 0.60
  Urinary8 36 1.08 0.72, 1.60 0.72 30 1.20 0.77, 1.89 0.43 6 0.89 0.38, 2.11 0.79
  Head Neck9 13 0.98 0.50, 1.90 0.94 8 0.85 0.34, 2.13 0.72 5 1.17 0.45, 3.04 0.75
Cigarette-Snuff
  Total Cancers 95 0.98 0.79, 1.22 0.88 79 0.97 0.76, 1.23 0.78 16 1.05 0.63, 1.76 0.85
  Smoking Cancers6 35 0.96 0.68, 1.36 0.83 26 0.90 0.60, 1.35 0.60 9 1.21 0.62, 2.35 0.57
  Lung 8 0.86 0.41, 1.84 0.70 5 0.86 0.31, 2.36 0.77 3 - - -
  Gastrointestinal7 14 0.91 0.53, 1.56 0.73 11 0.82 0.44, 1.50 0.51 3 - - -
  Urinary8 10 1.32 0.69, 2.53 0.40 8 1.23 0.59, 2.55 0.58 2 - - -
  Head Neck9 1 - - - 0 - - - 1 - - -
1

Cigarette smokers who ever used another tobacco product

2

Adjusted for age, gender, race, state of residence, education, alcohol frequency, cigarettes per day, years smoked cigarettes

3

Reference for ever smokers=19,009; former smokers=11,379; current smokers=7,603;

4

Cigarette smokers who ever used cigars, cigarillos and/or pipes

5

Cigarette smokers who ever used chewing tobacco and/or snuff

6

Bladder, colon, cervix, esophagus, kidney, larynx, lip, liver, lung, myeloid leukemia, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pancreas, pharynx, rectum, stomach, tongue, ureter, uterine

7

Colon, esophagus, liver, pancreas, rectum, stomach

8

Bladder, kidney, ureter

9

Larynx, lip, nasal and sinus, oral cavity, pharynx, tongue