Table 2.
Bivariable and Multivariable Associations Between Attitudes, Normative Beliefs, Intention, Knowledge, and Initiation of Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking (WTS)
| Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Knowledge Items | WTS Initiationa |
|
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | AORb (95% CI) | |
| Positive Attitudesc | ||
| Hookah Seems Attractive | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) |
| Hookah Seems Romantic | 1.6 (1.1–2.3) | 1.6 (1.1–2.1) |
| Hookah Seems Fun | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) |
| Hookah Seems Relaxing | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) |
| Overall Positive Attitude | 1.7 (1.1–2.4) | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) |
| Negative Attitudesc | ||
| Hookah Seems Harmful | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) |
| Hookah Seems Addicting | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) |
| Overall Negative Attitude | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) |
| Normative Beliefs | ||
| Perceived prevalence of WTS among peers.d | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
| Perceived acceptability of WTS among peers.e | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) |
| Intention | ||
| No | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Yes | 5.5 (2.8–11.0) | 7.0 (3.5–13.7) |
| Knowledge | ||
| Which has more tar? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Correct | 1.3 (0.4–4.5) | 1.3 (0.4–3.8) |
| Which has more nicotine? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Correct | 2.6 (0.9–7.3) | 2.8 (1.1–7.0) |
| Which has more carcinogens? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Correct | 1.9 (0.6–6.7) | 2.0 (0.6–6.2) |
| Which has more carbon monoxide? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Correct | 1.5 (0.6–4.0) | 1.4 (0.5–3.6) |
| Which has more heavy metals? | ||
| Incorrect | 1.0 [Reference] | 1.0 [Reference] |
| Correct | 1.8 (0.7–4.7) | 1.8 (0.7–4.6) |
| Overall Knowledge Scoref | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) |
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.
Only baseline waterpipe tobacco non-smokers and those who had complete data on items assessing ever WTS were included in these analyses.
Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, living situation, relationship status, household income, and education.
Associated odds ratios represent the odds for each unit of increase in the independent variable.
Each point on this scale corresponds with a 10-point increment in percentage.
Responses to this item are based upon a 4-level response scale ranging from “not” to “very.” Associated odds ratios represent the increase in odds for each unit of increase on this scale.
The overall knowledge score was the number of items scored correct summed. Associated odds ratios represent the odds for each 1-point increase in the 6-point scale.