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. 2017 May 3;8:501. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00501

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Copyright © 2017 Hanyang, Xuanzhe, Xuyang, Yujia, Jiarong, Jun and Zhihua.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The NOD1 and NOD2 signaling pathways, host defense, and inflammatory defense. PGN represents peptidoglycan, and CARD12 is a member of the CED4/Apaf-1 family that can induce apoptosis. MAPK refers to mitogen-activated protein kinase, which stimulates the inflammatory process of cells. IKK refers to inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) kinase, which participates in the cellular immune response caused by cytokines. NF-κB is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates the genes that are believed to be necessary in promoting inflammation.