Table 1.
Summary of characteristics of included trials in the most recent systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of dietary pulses on cardiometabolic risk factors
| Cardiometabolic risk factor | SRMA | Total no. of RCTs | Total n | Median sample size (range) | Metabolic phenotypes: no. of trials a | Median age (range) | Median follow‐up (range) | Trial design: no. of trials | Median pulse dose (range) | Pulse type: no. of trials | Pulse form: no. of trials | Comparator: no. of trials b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycemic control | Sievenpiper et al.18 | |||||||||||
| Pulses alone | 11 | 253 | 20 (6–55) |
HC: 7 T2DM: 1 CAD: 1 OH: 4 |
NR | 5 weeks (1–16 weeks) |
C: 7 P: 4 |
120 g/day (15.5–465 g/day) |
Chickpeas: 2 Beans: 8 Various: 1 |
Whole: 6 Flour/powder: 3 Flakes: 1 Both: 1 |
CHO foods: 11 | |
| Pulses in low‐GI diets | 19 | 762 | 16 (6–162) |
T2DM: 13 T1DM: 3 CAD: 1 OH: 3 |
NR | 6 weeks (2–52 weeks) |
C: 12 P: 7 |
– |
Lentils: 2 Beans: 5 Various: 12 |
Whole: 19 |
High‐GI diet: 16 Low‐CHO diet: 1 Diabetes diet: 2 Food exchange diet: 2 |
|
| Pulses in high‐fiber diets | 11 | 641 | 14 (9–450) |
T2DM: 6 T1DM: 5 OH: 2 |
NR | 6 weeks (1.4–156 weeks) |
C: 9 P: 2 |
– |
Beans: 3 Lupins: 1 Various: 7 |
Whole: 10 Pulse fiber: 1 |
Low‐fiber diet: 11 | |
| Blood lipids | Ha et al.14 | 26 | 1037 | 29 (6–121) |
O/OW: 5 HC: 8 T2DM: 3 MetS features: 2 IR: 2 OH: 7 |
51.1 years (4–36 years) | 6 weeks (3–52 weeks) |
C: 13 P: 13 |
130 g/day (50–377 g/day) |
Lentils: 1 Chickpeas: 2 Peas: 2 Beans: 14 Various: 7 |
Whole: 19 Flour/powder: 3 Both: 3 NR: 1 |
CHO foods: 14 High‐GI diet: 1 AP: 2 Diet without pulses: 9 |
| Body weight and adiposity | Kim et al.16 | 21 | 940 | 27 (6–123) |
O/OW: 9 HC: 4 T2DM: 2 MetS features: 1 OH: 6 |
51.3 years (28.1–64 years) | 6 weeks (3–48 weeks) |
C: 9 P: 12 |
132 g/day (80–278 g/day) |
Chickpeas: 3 Peas: 1 Beans: 8 Various: 9 |
Whole: 14 Flour/powder: 4 Both: 3 |
CHO foods: 10 High‐GI diet: 1 Low‐CHO diet: 1 Diet without pulses: 9 |
| Blood pressure | Jayalath et al.15 | 8 | 554 | 78 (18–121) |
O/OW: 4 T2DM: 1 MetS features: 1 OH: 2 |
49 years (28–60 years) | 10 weeks (4–52 weeks) |
C: 2 P: 8 |
127.5 g/day (81–275 g/day) |
Lupins: 2 Various: 6 |
Whole: 5 Flour/powder: 3 |
CHO foods: 4 Diet without pulses: 4 |
AP, animal protein; Apo‐B, apolipoprotein B; BF%, body fat percentage; both, whole and flour form; BW, body weight; C, crossover; CAD, coronary heart disease; CHO, carbohydrate; CHO foods, wheat‐based foods (e.g., white bread and cereals), oat bran, pasta (e.g., spaghetti and chicken soup), potato and potato flakes, rice, carrots, high‐ and/or low‐fiber foods; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FG, fasting glucose; FI, fasting insulin; GBP, glycosylated blood proteins (HbA1c or fructosamine); HC, hypercholesterolemia; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance; IR, insulin resistant; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MetS, metabolic syndrome; n, number of participants; no., number; NR, not reported; OH, otherwise healthy; OW/O, overweight or obese; P, parallel; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SRMA, systematic review and meta‐analysis; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; Various, ≥1 pulse type used (i.e., lentils, chickpeas, peas, and/or beans); WC, waist circumference.
Number of trials may not add up to total number of RCTs because one trial could have consisted of participants who had more than one metabolic phenotype (i.e., HC and T2DM). In this case, this trial would be placed in more than one category.
Number of trials may not add up to total number of RCTs because some RCTs had more than one control arm (i.e., a high‐GI diet arm and low‐CHO diet arm). Although our analyses usually combined these arms to create a pair‐wise comparison, in this table, a trial would be placed in more than one category.