Table 4.

Adjusted* associations of neighborhood and state socioeconomic characteristics with medical expenses and length of disability estimated by multivariable multilevel regression (model no.3)

	Medical expenses ($)					Length of disability (days)
Variable	Parameter estimate of association	S.E. a	Difference in the geometric mean of medical expenses	95% CI b	P‐value	Parameter estimate of association	S.E. a	Difference in the geometric mean of WD length c	95% CI b	P‐value
Intercept	7.633	0.071	2065	1789, 2384	<0.001	3.196	0.067	24.4	21.4, 28.0	<0.001
Neighborhood‐level variables
Median household income (10 000 $)	0.025	0.003	48	33, 63	<0.001	−0.006	0.002	−0.2	−0.3, −0.1	<0.001
Rural population (%)	−0.001	<0.001	−2	−2, −1	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.0	0.0,0.0	0.060
White population (%)	−0.001	<0.001	−3	−3, −2	<0.001	−<0.001	<0.001	0.0	0.0,0.0	0.073
Educational attainment (% < some college)	0.002	<0.001	5	3, 6	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.0	0.0,0.0	0.458
State‐level variables
Population below 100% poverty (%)	−0.006	0.005	−14	−34, 7	0.185	−0.005	0.005	−0.1	−0.4, 0.1	0.266
Unemployment rate	0.036	0.007	75	48, 104	<.001	0.015	0.006	0.4	0.1, 0.7	0.011
Gini coefficient (%)	−0.007	0.008	−14	−45, 17	0.363	−0.001	0.007	0.0	−0.4, 0.3	0.836
Disabled workers receiving SSDI d (%)	−0.122	0.019	−237	−303, −168	<0.001	−0.012	0.017	−0.3	−1.1, 0.6	0.503

^aStandard Error of parameter estimate of association.

^bConfidence intervals.

^cWork Disability.

^dSocial Security Disability Insurance.

*Parameter estimates are also adjusted for age, gender, tenure, average weekly wage, industry type, injury severity, early opioid prescribing, early MRI prescribing, lumbar spine surgery, claim litigation status, state Workers’ Compensation policy variables (wage replacement rate, waiting period, retroactive period, medical fee schedule, treating provider choice, and treating provider change).