Table 2.

Characteristics of Sexually Active Adults Aged 15–49 Who Reported a Previously Negative HIV Test Within 12 Months of the MDHS

Variable (unweighted n)	Total (n = 3630) % [95% CI]	Female (n = 1884) % [95% CI]	Male (n = 1746) % [95% CI]
Age Group (n = 3630)
15–24 (n = 1320)	36.9 [34.8–39.1]	36.7 [33.9–39.6]	37.1 [34.1–40.3]
25–34 (n = 1366)	37.6 [35.5–39.9]	38.8 [35.9–41.7]	36.5 [33.5–39.6]
35–49 (n = 944)	25.4 [23.6–27.4]	24.5 [22.2–27.1]	26.3 [23.6–29.3]
Region (n = 3630)
Northern (n = 702)	11.9 [9.8–14.5]	11.7 [9.3–14.7]	12.2 [9.4–15.7]
Central (n = 1309)	46.1 [43.0–49.3]	45.5 [41.6–49.6]	46.8 [42.0–51.6]
Southern (n = 1619)	41.9 [38.9–44.9]	42.8 [39.1–46.6]	41 [36.7–45.5]
Residence (n = 3630)
Urban (n = 489)	20.2 [17.0–24.0]	18.4 [15.4–21.8]	22 [17.0–28.1]
Rural (n = 3141)	79.8 [76.0–83.0]	81.6 [78.2–84.6]	78 [71.9–83.0]
Education (n = 3630)
Primary or lower (n = 2543)	68.2 [65.8–70.6]	77.6 [75.0–80.1]	58.9 [55.4–62.2]
Secondary or higher (n = 1087)	31.8 [29.4–34.2]	22.4 [19.9–25.0]	41.1 [37.8–44.6]
Marital Status (n = 3630)
Never married (n = 674)	19.1 [17.3–21.0]	8.3 [6.8–10.1]	29.8 [26.9–32.8]
Married or living together (n = 2637)	72.1 [69.9–74.2]	78.1 [75.5–80.5]	66 [62.9–69.1]
Widow, divorced, not living tog (n = 319)	8.9 [7.7–10.1]	13.6[11.7–15.6]	4.2 [3.1–5.7]
Wealth Index Quintile (n = 3630)
Poorest (n = 592)	14.8 [13.2–16.7]	16.7[14.4–19.1]	13 [11.0–15.4]
Poorer (n = 708)	18.5 [16.6–20.7]	19.5 [17.1–22.1]	17.6 [15.2–20.2]
Middle (n = 759)	19.8 [18.0–21.7]	19.7 [17.5–22.1]	19.9 [17.4–22.5]
Richer (n = 774)	20.7 [18.6–22.8]	19.6 [17.3–22.3]	21.7 [18.9–24.7]
Richest (n = 797)	26.2 [23.4–29.2]	24.5[21.2–28.1]	27.9 [24.2–31.9]
Why Last HIV Test Was Done (n = 3608)
Asked for it of own accord (n = 1982)	53.4 [50.9–56.0]	56.7 [53.5–59.9]	50.2 [46.4–53.9]
Offered it (n = 652)	19.6 [17.8–21.6]	21.1 [18.6–23.8]	18.2 [15.5–21.2]
Required to test (n = 974)	26.9 [24.6–29.3]	22.2 [19.7–24.9]	31.7 [27.8–35.7]
Knows Condoms Reduce Risk (n = 3623)
No (n = 928)	26.2 [24.2–28.3]	27.7 [24.9–30.6]	24.7 [21.7–27.9]
Yes (n = 2695)	73.8 [71.7–75.8]	72.3 [69.4–75.1]	75.3 [72.1–78.3]
Knows Monogamy Reduces Risk (n = 3623)
No (n = 454)	13.1 [11.5–14.8]	13.3 [11.2–15.7]	12.9 [10.6–15.6]
Yes (n = 3169)	86.9 [85.2–88.5]	86.7 [84.3–88.8]	87.1 [84.4–89.4]
Age at First Intercourse (n = 3630)
≤15 (n = 1005)	28.3 [26.4–30.4]	25.5[22.8–28.5]	31.1 [28.2–34.2]
16–17 (n = 680)	18.2[16.7–19.9]	19 [16.8–21.5]	17.5 [15.2–20.0]
18–19 (n = 646)	18.2 [16.6–20.0]	15.5 [13.3–17.9]	21 [18.6–23.6]
≥20 (n = 1299)	35.2 [32.8–37.6]	39.9 [36.7–43.2]	30.4 [27.3–33.8]
Lifetime Sexual Partners (n = 3609)
1–2 (n = 2473)	67.2 [64.7–69.7]	87 [84.9–88.8]	47.4 [43.6–51.1]
3–4 (n = 740)	21.7 [19.4–24.1]	11.2 [9.6–13.1]	32.2 [28.4–36.2]
≥5 (n = 396)	11.1 [9.8–12.6]	1.8 [1.1–2.9]	20.5 [17.9–23.3]
Lifetime Unions (n = 3618)
0–1 unions (n = 2959)	81.6 [79.8–83.2]	79.5 [77.0–81.9]	83.6 [81.1–85.9]
>1 union (n = 659)	18.4 [16.8–20.2]	20.5[18.1–23.0]	16.4 [14.1–18.9]
Recent Sexual Activity (n = 3630)
Active within 4 weeks (n = 2268)	61.7 [59.3–64.0]	63.2 [60.5–65.8]	60.2 [56.7–63.5]
Inactive within 4 weeks (n = 1362)	38.3 [36.0–40.7]	36.8 [34.2–39.5]	39.8 [36.5–43.3]
Who Has Final Say On Healthcare (n = 1466)
Self (n = 271)	—	18.1 [15.4–21.1]	—
Together with spouse or partner (n = 558)	—	38.9 [35.4–42.5]	—
Husband or other (n = 637)	—	43.0 [39.4–46.8]	—
Risk Factors Within 12 Months
No. Sexual Partners Including Spouse (n = 3630)
No sex in 12 months (n = 436)	12.5 [11.1–14.1]	12.5 [10.6–14.6]	12.6 [10.6–14.9]
1 partner (n = 2946)	80.2 [78.4–81.9]	86.1 [83.9–88.0]	74.3 [71.6–76.8]
2+ partners (n = 248)	7.3 [6.3–8.4]	1.4 [0.9–2.3]	13.1 [11.3–15.3]
No. Extramarital Partners (n = 3630)
0 (n = 3017)	83.1 [81.3–84.7]	91.6 [89.6–93.2]	74.6 [71.6–77.3]
≥1 (n = 613)	16.9 [15.3–18.7]	8.4 [6.8–10.4]	25.4 [22.7–28.4]
Condom Use During Last Sex (n = 3627)
No (n = 2663)	73.7 [71.5–75.7]	80.5 [78.0–82.8]	66.8 [63.6–69.9]
Yes (n = 528)	13.8 [12.3–15.5]	7.0 [5.6–8.8]	20.6 [18.1–23.4]
No sex in 12 months (n = 436)	12.5 [11.1–14.1]	12.5 [10.6–14.6]	12.6 [10.6–14.9]
Condom Each Time, Last Partner (n = 3640)
No (n = 2834)	78.1 [76.1–79.9]	83 [80.7–85.2]	73.1 [70.1–75.9]
Yes (n = 334)	9.3 [8.1–10.7]	4.4 [3.3–5.9]	14.3 [12.2–16.6]
No sex in 12 months (n = 436)	12.6 [11.2–14.2]	12.6 [10.7–14.7]	12.6 [10.6–14.9]
Last Sexual Partner Type (n = 3626)
Spouse (n = 2655)	72.7 [70.5–74.8]	79.6 [77.0–82.0]	65.8 [62.6–68.9]
Not live-in significant other (n = 497)	13.2 [11.7–14.9]	7.7 [6.1–9.7]	18.7 [16.3–21.4]
Casual acquaintance or sex worker (n = 38)	1.5 [1.0–2.2]	0.2 [0.1–0.5]	2.8 [1.9–4.3]
No sex in 12 months (n = 436)	12.5 [11.1–14.1]	12.5 [10.6–14.6]	12.6 [10.6–14.9]
Trips Away From Home (n = 3620)
0 (n = 1804)	49.8 [47.5–52.1]	55.2 [52.3–58.0]	44.4 [41.0–47.9]
1–2 (n = 1053)	29 27.2-30.9]	31.2 [28.6–33.8]	26.9 [24.4–29.5]
>2 (n = 763)	21.2 [19.3–23.3]	13.7 [11.6–16.1]	28.7 [25.8–31.8]
Injections (n = 3629)
0 (n = 2565)	69.6 [67.5–71.7]	56.6 [53.6–59.6]	82.5 [80.1–84.7]
1–2 (n = 668)	19.4 [17.8–21.1]	25.4 [22.9–28.1]	13.4 [11.5–15.6]
>2 (n = 396)	11.0 [9.6–12.5]	17.9 [15.6–20.5]	4.1 [3.1–5.4]
Any Reported STD (n = 3622)
No (n = 3568)	98.7 [98.2–99.1]	99.0 [98.4–99.4]	98.5 [97.5–99.0]
Yes (n = 54)	1.3 [0.9–1.8]	1.0 [0.6–1.6]	1.5 [1.0–2.5]

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; STD, sexually transmitted disease.