Table 2.
Results of Univariate Statistical Analysis of a Positive Screen for Cognitive Impairment
| Characteristics | Positive Screen | Negative Screen | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 311) | (n = 293) | |||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | |||
| Handedness | Right | 289 | (52.1) | 266 | (47.9) | .335 |
| Left | 22 | (44.9) | 27 | (55.1) | ||
| Gender | Male | 223 | (46.8) | 253 | (53.2) | .000011 |
| Female | 88 | (68.8) | 40 | (31.3) | ||
| Cognitive symptoms | Yes | 139 | (56.5) | 107 | (43.5) | .041 |
| Country of birth | Ireland | 194 | (45.3) | 274 | (54.7) | <.000001 |
| Europe | 21 | (40.4) | 31 | (59.6) | ||
| Africa | 86 | (86) | 14 | (14) | ||
| Asia | 3 | (37.5) | 5 | (62.5) | ||
| South America | 7 | (58.3) | 5 | (41.7) | ||
| Other | 0 | (0) | 4 | (100) | ||
| English as a first Language | Yes | 210 | (44.9) | 258 | (74.3) | <.000001 |
| Mode of transmission | Heterosexual | 124 | (62.6) | 74 | (37.4) | .000012 |
| MSM | 121 | (40.6) | 177 | (59.4) | Std residual | |
| IVDU | 57 | (61.3) | 36 | (38.7) | for heterosexual | |
| Vertical | 2 | (66.7) | 1 | (33.3) | was 2.2 | |
| Other | 7 | (58.3) | 5 | (41.7) | ||
| Virally suppressed (n = 504) | Yes | 221 | (49.4) | 226 | (50.6) | .005 |
| Hx of hepatitis B | Yes | 28 | (59.6) | 19 | (40.4) | .248 |
| Hx of hepatitis C | Yes | 73 | (61.9) | 45 | (38.1) | .012 |
| Hepatitis C PCR positive (n = 118) | Yes | 51 | (69.9) | 22 | (30.1) | .04 |
| Hx of hypertension | Yes | 30 | (44.8) | 37 | (55.2) | .244 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | Yes | 37 | (37) | 63 | (63) | .002 |
| Hx of diabetes | Yes | 9 | (60) | 6 | (40) | .504 |
| Hx of syphilis | Yes | 58 | (41.4) | 82 | (58.6) | .007 |
| Hx of cryptococcal meningitis | Yes | 2 | (100) | 0 | (0) | .169 |
| Hx of CNS TB | Yes | 5 | (100) | 0 | (0) | .062 |
| Hx of toxoplasmosis | Yes | 7 | (58.3) | 5 | (41.7) | .632 |
| Hx of encephalitis | Yes | 4 | (80) | 1 | (20) | .2 |
| Hx of PML | Yes | 4 | (100) | 0 | (0) | .124 |
| Hx of IRIS | Yes | 1 | (100) | 0 | (0) | 1 |
| Hx of epilepsy | Yes | 10 | (66.7) | 5 | (33.3) | .299 |
| Hx of neuropathy | Yes | 6 | (24) | 19 | (76) | .007 |
| Hx of stroke | Yes | 5 | (100) | 0 | (0) | .062 |
| Hx of depression | Yes | 79 | (54.5) | 66 | (45.5) | .408 |
| Hx of bipolar disorder | Yes | 4 | (57.1) | 3 | (42.9) | 1 |
| Hx of anxiety | Yes | 12 | (54.5) | 10 | (45.5) | .77 |
| Hx of schizophrenia | Yes | 2 | (100) | 0 | (0) | .5 |
| Hx of psychosis | Yes | 6 | (85.7) | 1 | (14.3) | .124 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy | Yes | 22 | (33.3) | 44 | (66.7) | .002 |
| Antihypertensives | Yes | 31 | (49.2) | 32 | (50.8) | .702 |
| Antiepileptics | Yes | 11 | (68.8) | 5 | (31.3) | .161 |
| Methadone | Yes | 53 | (74.6) | 18 | (25.4) | .000032 |
| Benzodiazepine use | Yes | 65 | (82.3) | 14 | (17.7) | <.000001 |
| Antidepressants | Yes | 42 | (63.6) | 24 | (36.4) | .036 |
| Antipsychotics | Yes | 16 | (84.2) | 3 | (15.8) | .004 |
| Employment history | Employed | 135 | (41.8) | 188 | (58.2) | .000001 |
| Student | 29 | (59.2) | 20 | (40.8) | ||
| Unemployed | 138 | (65.4) | 73 | (34.6) | ||
| Retired | 9 | (42.9) | 12 | (57.1) | ||
| Smoking history | Smoker | 153 | (55) | 125 | (45) | .166 |
| Nonsmoker | 108 | (50.5) | 106 | (49.5) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 50 | (44.6) | 62 | (55.4) | ||
| Alcohol history | None | 75 | (63) | 44 | (37) | .03 |
| Units per week | 1–20 units | 18.5 | (47.6) | 204 | (52.4) | Std residual for |
| 21–40 units | 25 | (48.1) | 27 | (51.9) | no alcohol is 1.8 | |
| >40 units | 11 | (52.4) | 10 | (47.6) | ||
| Hx of ADS | 15 | (65.2) | 8 | (34.8) | ||
| Illicit substance use | Never | 196 | (50.9) | 189 | (49.1) | .352 |
| Current Non-IV Use | 54 | (57.4) | 40 | (42.6) | ||
| Current IV Use | 5 | (71.4) | 2 | (28.6) | ||
| Previous Hx | 56 | (47.5) | 62 | (52.5) | ||
| Antiretroviral therapy | Naive | 46 | (48.4) | 49 | (51.6) | .877 |
| On HAART | 262 | (52) | 242 | (48) | ||
| MTCT | 2 | (66.7) | 1 | (33.3) | ||
| Previous exposure | 1 | (50) | 1 | (50) | ||
| Positive screen for anxiety | Yes | 87 | (58.8) | 61 | (41.2) | .041 |
| Positive screen for depression | Yes | 39 | (70.9) | 16 | (29.1) | .003 |
| Age (in years) | Mean (SD) | 39.733 (9.946) | 42.126 (10.377) | .004 | ||
| Median | 39 | 42 | 95% CI, −4.0173 to −0.7691 | |||
| Time since diagnosis (days) | Mean (SD) | 2817.675 (2302.8863) | 3162.27 (2699.4141) | .338* | ||
| Median | 2365 | 2471 | ||||
| Nadir CD4 count | Mean (SD) | 221 (157.409) | 251.038 (166.2) | .023 | ||
| Median | 207 | 233 | 95% CI, −55.98 to −4.0915 | |||
| Current CD4 count | Mean (SD) | 538.116 (259.18) | 590.161 (243.177) | .011 | ||
| Median | 505 | 570.5 | 95% CI, −92.3022 to −11.7882 | |||
| Years of education | Mean (SD) | 13.865 (4.1076) | 14.724 (3.66) | .012* | ||
| Median | 14 | 14 | ||||
| Exposure to HAART (days) | Mean (SD) | 2053.487 (1589.9178) | 2410.078 (1861.0586) | .088* | ||
| Median | 1760 | 1885 | ||||
| CPE score | Mean (SD) | 7.069 (0.9197) | 7.095 (4.1029) | .735 | ||
| Median | 7 | 7 | 95% CI, −0.1791 to −0.1264 | |||
Abbreviations: ADS, alcohol dependence syndrome; CI, confidence interval; CNS, central nervous system; CPE, CNS penetration effectiveness; HAART, highly active antiretroviral therapy; Hx, history; IRIS, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; IV, intravenous; MTCT, maternal to child transmission; MSM, men who have sex with men; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PML, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; SD, standard deviation; Std, standardized; TB, tuberculosis.
*
Performed using Mann-Whitney U tests and no CIs available for the difference.