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. 2017 May 2;10:109. doi: 10.1186/s13068-017-0793-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — The levels of monolignol conjugates released from DFRC analysis. a The level of monolignol dihydroferulate (ML-DHFA) conjugates released from Zmccr1 mutants is three to fivefold higher than from wild-type (WT) plants, indicating higher ML-DHFA production and incorporation into the lignin polymer. b The level of monolignol dihydro-p-coumarates (ML-DHpCA) is similar between the Zmccr1 mutants and the wild-type plants, indicating that the production of monolignol ferulates and p-coumarates are independent. CA-FA/pCA is the coniferyl alcohol conjugate, SA-FA/pCA the sinapyl alcohol conjugate. Error bars represent standard deviation of biological replicates (n = 5 plants for greenhouse lines, n = 2 pools of 10 plants for field-grown lines), asterisks represent a significant difference from WT, p < 0.05