Table 2.

Lung pathology and tracheal responsiveness evaluation in animal model of COPD

Parameters		Animals	Methods	Ref
Lung Pathology		Mice	-Chronic lung inflammation, infiltration of cells in the parenchyma, mucosal secretion, ticking of airway epithelium, alveolar enlargement, airway remodeling, goblet cell hyperplasia	[1, 77]
			- Emphysematous destruction, parenchymal inflammation, mucus hyper secretion, airway remodeling	[29, 30, 32, 64, 118, 119]
			- Increased wall thickness and airspace size	[33, 120]
		Rat	- Increasing of bronchiole and arteriole wall thickness, bronchiole stenosis, increased alveolar size	[2]
			- Airway resistance, respiratory system resistance, tissue damping, tissue elastance, increased respiratory system compliance	[37]
			- Airspace enlargement, fragmentation of alveolar spaces, inflammation	[97, 121]
			- Elevation of neutrophils, mucus, oedema, lung inflammation in lung and/or bronchoalveolar lavage	[81]
			- Increased wall thickness, airway narrowing, peribronchiolar inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltration, enlargement of alveolar airspaces, destruction of septal walls of alveoli and pulmonary bullae	[38]
			- Bronchial airway epithelium injury, neutrophil infiltration	[39]
			- Hyperplasia of bronchial epithelial cells, hypersecretion of mucus, peribronchial fibrosis	[42]
		Guinea pig	- Pulmonary inflammation and tissue remodeling	[82]
			- Increased interalveolar septum, increased lymphatic tissue in lung parenchyma, destruction of alveolar wall, emphysema in the lung, intra-alveolar bleeding	[50, 51, 54–57]
			- Airway and parenchymal neutrophilia, increased goblet cell numbers, elevation of lung hydroxyproline content, increasing of airway wall collagen and airspace size	[69]
TR	In vivo	Mice	- Inhaled Mch: (6, 12, 25, and 50 mg/ml, 1 min, measuring Penh by WBPle after 10 min	[31]
	In vitro	Guinea pig	- TC preparation; Mch (10 -7 to 10 -5 mM) every 2 min, measuring EC50 using CRC	[52]
			- TC preparation; Mch (10 nM to 5 mM) every 2 min, measuring EC50 using CRC	[56]
			- TC preparation; Mch (10 -7 to 10 -2 mM) every 3 min, measuring EC50 using CRC	[58]
			- TC preparation; histamine (0.1 μM –10 mM) every 2 min, measuring EC50 using CRC	[54, 57]
			- TC preparation; isoprenaline (10 nmol/L to 100 μmol/L) every 2 min, measuring EC50 using CRC	[55]

WBPle whole-body plethysmograph, Mch methacholine, TC tracheal chain, EC50 effective concentration causing 50% of maximum response (MR), CRC concentration response curve, TR tracheal responsiveness